327 
Chicory . 
up, washed, and put into an oven after the bread is drawn. In this 
state they keep well. When wanted for use, they are again put 
into the oven after the bread is drawn, and dried till they assume a 
full brown colour. They are then ground or beaten in a mortar, 
and mixed with from one fourth to one half of their weight of West 
India coffee. I have repeatedly drank of this beverage without 
distinguishing it from common unmixed coffee. In Northum- 
berland and the neighbourhood, and at Williamsport (Pennsylva- 
nia) this use of chicory is common. It would be improved, if in 
the last roasting, the chicory could be roasted with the coffee so 
as to imbibe the vapour of the latter. The chicory of itself is the 
best substitute hitherto known. 
In England they use (or rather propose, for coffee is too dear 
there to be a common beverage) as substitutes for coffee, 1st. Roast- 
ed Barley. 21y. The seeds of the yellow water flag, or flower de 
luce (Iris pseudacorus) 22 Nich, Journ. 70. 3iy. The ockra, which 
is also a fashionable substitute in the West India Islands. But the 
German establishments for the manufacture of chicory coffee, 
and what I know of it by my own experience, leads me to recom- 
mend in preference, this plant to all others. 
Previous to the capture of Jena, by Buonaparte, there were up- 
wards of two millions of pounds of chicory coffee, exported from 
that place and Brunswick to various parts of France and Germany. 
But whatever may be the use of this plant as a substitute for 
coffee, it is not to be compared in point of importance to its use in 
agriculture, particularly as fodder for cattle of all kinds in cases 
of a dry spring, or summer. It is equally nutritious and more 
productive than Luzerne, without requiring half the attention. 
The first notice I find of the agricultural use of this plant, is in 
the 6th. vol. of Young’s annals of agriculture, p. 48, where Mr. A. 
Zappa of Milan, enumerates it as one of the favorite plants in the 
meadows of Lombardy. This was in 1786. In 1787, Arth. Young 
j being at M. Crette De PalleuiPs* near St. Dennis, was so struck 
with it, that he bought lOlbs. of the seed, and sowed it at Bradley, 
lOlbs. to the acre. In May 21, 1789, he cut it on a small patch, 
that yielded at the rate of upwards of 12 tons 1 1 cwt. of green fodder 
per acre, at a time when every other meadow was parched and 
dried up. On the 24th July he cut the same patch again, which 
yielded at the rate of 16 tons 4 cwt. of green food: on the 3d of 
* The Life of this most useful citizen who died 30 Nov. 1799, may be found 
in 14 Month, Mag. p, 237, 
