382 
Cast SteeL 
u The general principles of my process or processes are 
the fusion of malleable iron, or of iron ore, in such man- 
ner, and by such means, as immediately to convert them 
into cast steel ; and, likewise, in certain cases, the after 
cementation of this steel to give it malleability, and the 
property of welding, in order to fit it for such purposes as 
require steel possessing these properties. These princi- 
ples can be acted upon for the production of the various 
qualities of steel in a variety of ways ; but the principle 
of my invention, and the mode of operation, may be fully 
understood by the examples which I shall adduce, and 
which will enable any person to perform the same, and to 
vary and alter the mode of operation according to his in- 
tention, and the particular quality of steel he may wish to 
manufacture. 
“ Thus, cast steel may be made by taking any conve- 
nient quantity of malleable iron, according to the size of 
the furnace and crucible or crucibles to be employed, and 
introducing it into the crucible or crucibles along with a 
proper proportion of charcoal, charcoal dust, pit-coal, pit- 
coal dust, black lead, or plumbago, or of any substance 
containing the coally or carbonaceous principle ; but, in 
general, charcoal, pit-coal, or pit-coal cokes, especially 
if prepared in the manner hereinafter described, will be 
found to answer best. F or this process not only bar iron 
may be employed, but also what is commonly called 
scraps, or waste iron : but, when the latter is used, a lit- 
tic more carbonaceous matter must be added to the mix- 
ture, to revive the rust, or oxide of iron, adhering to the 
scraps. The mixture in the crucible or crucibles must 
then be put into a furnace capable of giving a sufficiently 
intense degree of heat to run down or fuse the mixture, 
which must then be poured out into bar, ingot, or other 
moulds, according as the manufacturer intends to pro- 
duce bars or ingots, or various articles or utensils that are 
