80 
Brass • 
the ingredients. According to Swedenborg^ they are, 
in Goslar, 30 parts of copper, 40 to 45 cf cadmia, and 
twice the volume of charcoal ; at Paris, and in many of 
the French manufactories, they are, 35 of copper, 35 of 
old brass, 40 of calamine, and 20 to 25 of charcoal ; in 
Sweden, 30 of copper, 20 to 30 of old brass, and 46 of 
calamine, with charcoal sufficient ; or, 40 of copper, 30 
of old brass, and 60 of calamine ; and in England, gene- 
rally about 40 of copper and 60 of calamine. The pro- 
duct of brass varies also, but it seems to be in few 
places so great as in some of the English works, where, 
as already mentioned, 40 pounds of copper become in the 
process 60 pounds of brass. This superior quantity is 
ascribed partly to the goodness of the calamine and partly 
to the smallness to which the copper is previously re- 
duced by being poured melted into cold water, and thus 
affording a great surface of metal to the action of the zinc 
vapour. 
At Stolberg,f near Aix-la-Chapelle, where brass is 
very largely manufactured, the furnaces are cylindrical, 
and each contains eight crucibles arranged in two tiers of 
four each. These crucibles are fifteen inches high, twelve 
inches deep, and eight or nine inches wide. The propor 
tions of ingredients are 40 lbs. of copper, 65 lbs. of cala- 
mine, and double its volume of charcoal. After the fire 
has been kept up for twelve hours, the crucibles are un- 
covered, and a workman takes off with an iron trowel al! 
the scum and charcoal which swim upon the liquid metal, 
and which is called arkest. When examined with a glass, 
this is found to consist of calamine and copper particles, 
cohering together but not completely united. The brass 
resulting from this first process is coarse, brittle, and un~ 
equal in texture, and requires a second fusion before it: 
* Macquer’s Dictionary, 
f Repertory, voh xiv 
