Rules, Notes and Recipes 
203 
I 
Unsprayed Sprayed 
The Results of Spraying Against the Grape-berry Worm. 
Sprayed June 10; arsenate of lead 2 lb., Bordeaux 2-3-50. molasses 1}^ gal. 
Sprayed [June 26; arsenate of lead 2 lb., Bordeaux 2-3-50, molasses gal. 
Sprayed July 30; arsenate of lead 3 lb., molasses IJ.^ gal. 
Wormy 10.4 per cent. (From Bull. 203 Ohio Agri. Ex. Stat.) 
found in numbers inside. They will also congregate on the outside 
surface and be killed. If for any reason it is not desirable to use these 
poisons, the baits may be used without them in the same manner and 
the Potatoes dipped into hot water which will kill the sowbugs, after 
which the Potatoes can be replaced or other Potatoes can be substituted. 
Sprayers and Spraying. — The instruments employed may be the 
common hand syringe, a knapsack sprayer (quite large enough for an\ 
garden or nursery of two or three acres) ; or larger movable machines, 
worked either by hand or by steam or petrol, of which there are many 
types on the market and to study which the catalogs of the makers 
should be consulted, or the lists of sundries in any of the large seeds- 
men’s catalogs. One Winter spraying is usually sufficient, this being 
done in March or before the buds show the first signs of expanding. 
Choose a fine quiet day for spraying, and settled weather. When rough 
weather prevails, spraying should be done on one side of the trees only, 
rather than omit the operation altogether. Dwarf trees may safely be 
sprayed in any ordinary wind. The Winter spraying is for the destruc- 
tion of the eggs of injurious insects, scale insects or hibernating ones; 
also for killing the latent spores of fungi. Summer spraying is carried 
out to prevent caterpillars from devouring grass, softwooded plants or 
foliage, or as a preventive of fungus growth, and is carried out generally 
in June, July or August, (See also “Fungicides” and “Insecticides.”) 
Soil Acidity a Misnomer. — To speak of soils that need lime as 
being “acid” is not correct, in the opinion of Ohio Exp. Sta. chemists, 
who have found only in exceptional cases the faintest trace of acid in 
soils by treatment with water. So-called soil “acidity” is a negative 
property, they say, due to the absence of basic calcium and magnesium 
and not to the presence of acids. If any true acid is present, it is so 
insoluble as to have little effect on crop growth. Leaching and crop 
j)roduction cause a gradual loss of the natural supply of bases (calcium 
and -magnesium) in the soil. A deficiency of these basic elements ac- 
