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160 
THE GAEDENERS' AND NATDEALISTS CALENDAR FOE. APRIL. 
"winter in the chrysalis or pupa state, and are now deve- 
loped as perfect insects, each ready to continue its kind. 
It is on this account, rather than from the amount 
of the positive mischief which those newly-developed 
perfect insects commit, that the destruction of such of 
them as are injurious to the cultivator, is to be recom- 
mended. It is, however, far different with those spe- 
cies which now awaken to life with all the avidity of 
appetite, shai-pcned by their long fast through the win- 
ter, or by the natural craving for large supplies of food 
possessed by all newly-bom animals. Hence the inju- 
ries which are committed on vegetation, and especially 
upon fruit- trees, are now of the most serious kind ; for, 
feeding on the blossom buds, they devour thorn in 
gi'eater numbers than at a later period, from their not 
being yet fully expanded, and consequently affording a 
smaller amount of food. Such are the larvce of various 
small Moths, which feed on the buds of om- wall-fruit- 
trees, fastening the gradually expanding leaves into a 
mass by means of their sti-ong webs ; eating out the 
heart of the mass, and thus destroying the hopes of the 
cultivator for the season. Hand-picking, therefore, 
should now he carefully followed, and all old shreds 
and dead leaves removed, as these form harbours for the 
destructive insects. 
The Earwig, now, will also often he foimd in turning 
up the mould of the garden ; but all the individu; Is 
shoidd be destroyed, as they are females, and in a short 
time each ■will be found brooding over its mass of eggs, 
and tending its young with as much assiduity as a hen 
brooding over her chickens, — a remarkable peculiarity, 
entirely at variance with the ordinary proceedings of 
insects, which die soon after laying their eggs, instinct 
teaching them to deposit them in situations where the 
young wiU find a supply of proper food. Every individual 
of the Common Wasj) now seen should also be destroyed, 
as they also are all females, and each wiU otherwise be- 
come the foundress of a new nest. Various kinds of Moths 
will also now be found, by carefully looking over the 
pales of gardens and fields, gates, &c. Many kinds of 
Wild Bees, and other insects, are now to be seen, col- 
lecting the pollen from the sallow, now in full blossom. 
At this season, also, the collector will obtain much suc- 
cess by digging at the roots of trees for the chrysalides 
of Moths ; great care must, however, be taken in re- 
moving them from their retreats, and in placing them 
in artificial cages and in earth, kept as nearly at the 
same degree of moisture as that from which they were 
taken. Now that vast numbers of species of all the orders 
are daily arriving at the perfect state, we can, only fur- 
nish a list of the most conspicuous or inj urious species. 
CoLEoPTEEA. Cavobus violaceus. — At roots of trees, 
and under stones. 
Carabus nemoralis. In gardens. 
Carabus monilis. On heaths, and in sandy places. 
Brachinus crepitans (the Bombardier-beetle). In 
sand-pits and understones. 
Droimus quadrimaculahis^ and several other species 
of the genus. Under bark of ti'ees. 
Steropus m^didns. 
Omasens nigrita. 
Abax strioln, and other ) Under stones, 
species of large black Sar- 
palid(c. 
Pmcihts cupreus. \ 
Amara vulgaris, and f Running in pathways in 
other metallic - coloured j fields in the sun. 
.H(7rjyff^^V^^ (Ground-beetle). / • 
Lopha pmcila. 
Tacligpus celer. 
Beriibidiiim flavipc-s, and 
many other small species of 
Bembidiidce. 
Bydroporus .5-; 
Colymbetes paludosiis. 
At roots of grass, and on 
moist hanks. 
In ponds and ditches. 
1^^^^^^ 
DyticKS marginalis^ and \ 
a QTcat numter of species of / y , it,. 
Water-beetles (Dyticidmj ^" P''"'^^ ^"'^ ^^'=^''^- 
of all sizes. / 
Gyrinus natator (the Whirl- wig) . — On the sui-face 
of water. 
Cercyon quisquilium. \ 
Sphmridium scarabeeotdes ( 
Aj^hodius fossor, I j, , 
Ulster unicolor, and a/ ^" 
great number of species of j 
these genera. / 
Necrophorus Vespilh, and other species of Siljihidw. 
— In dead animals and canion. 
Staphyliiius olens, and a vast number of species of 
StaphylinidiC. — In dung, moss, rotten fungi, &c. 
Meloe proscarabxus. 
Mehe violaceus. 
Btinusfur. — In houses. 
\ On heaths and commons. 
In paths, and banks 
corn-fields, &c. 
of 
On grass and nettles at 
bottom of hedge-rows, 
&c. 
JElater mari?zm, 
Mater segetis, and other 
species of Click-beetles. 
Ohrysomela polita. 
Chysomela sanguinoUnta. 
Timarcha tenebricosa, and 
other species of Chrysome- 
lidm (Plant-beetles). 
HYMENOPTERi. Vcspia Vulgaris. The Common Wasp. 
Female. — In lanes and gardens. 
Andrena nigro cenea. ^. 
Androia fidoa, and a f Blossoms of willows, 
number of species of this j gooseberry, &c, 
genus of Bees. / 
Bombiis campestris. — In fields. 
Anthopliora retusa. — In gardens. 
Lepidoptera. Vanessa Atcdanta (the Eed Admiral 
Butterfly). — In lanes and woods. 
Vanessa lo (the Peacock Butterfly). — Ditto. 
Lycce.na Plikcas (the small Copper Butterfly). — 
Grassy commons. 
Macroglossa steUatarum (the Humming-Bii-d Hawk- 
Moth). — In gardens. 
Endromus versicolor (the Glory of Kent). — On trunks 
of trees in woods. 
Scoliopteryx libatrix (the Herald Moth).- On Poplar 
trunks and palings. 
Orthosia gothica (the Hebrew Character). — Hedges. 
Semiopliora instabilis (the Drab Moth). — Fallows 
and osier beds. 
Orthosia cruda (the Small Quaker). — Willows. 
Sadena lithorhiza (the Eaiiy Grey). — On palings. 
Miselia Apiilitia (the Marvel du Jour), — Skirts of 
woods. 
Cucullia serophularics (the Water Betouy Moth). — 
Palings and gardens. . 
Brepha notha and Parthenias. — Blossoms of willows. 
Biston Mrtarius (the Brindled Beauty). — On trunks 
of oaks. 
Geometra illtmaria (the Early Thorn). — Shady groves. 
Odontopera bidentaria (the Scalloped Hazel). — Skirts 
of woods. 
Larentia cervinaria (the Scarce Tissue). — Gai'dens 
and pales. 
Eumia cratagata (the Brimstone Moth). — Hedges 
and woods. 
Lampropteryx suffiimata (the Water-Carpet Moth). — 
Open places in woods. 
Lampropteryx badiata (the Shoulder-Stripe). | Skirts 
of woods. 
Carpocapsa TJlicetana (the Light-striped Edge). — 
Fui-ze on commons. 
DiPTERA. Bej'is clavipes. — On palings near mea- 
dows. 
Bomhylitts major and mediae. — In open places in 
woods, hovering in the sunshine. J. 0. W. 
