ON THE PEODUCTION OF SUMMEK AND WINTER SALADS. 
to carbonate of soda, nitrate of soda ■will be formed, and the carbonic acid will be driven off free, in the 
form of gas, causing an eifer\'escenee. 
These brief illustrations of chemical affinity, will perhaps suffice to afford some idea of the manner 
in which chemical changes proceed ; there is, however, another important point to be dwelt upon 
in connection with this part of the subject, namely, the theory of equivalent proportions, or the atomic 
theory, as it is called. 
It is found, that in those combinations and interchanges brought about by the play of chemical 
affinities, the elementary substances always combine with each other in quantities beai'ing a certain 
relative proportion to each other, and that each having its pecuHar equivalent, or atomic weight, 
as it is termed, will only combine with the rest in quantities which are multiples of that number. 
Thus, in 9 grains of water we shall always find 1 grain of hydrogen, and 8 grains of oxygen ; in 
18 grains of water, 2 of hydi-ogen and 16 of oxygen, and so on ; moreover, in all other com- 
pounds into wliicli either of these elements enter, they are always found to combine in the same 
quantities ; for example, carbonic acid, composed of oxygen and carbon (equivalent 6), will always 
contain the former in the proportion of 16 parts out of 22 grains, showing that there are 2 equivalents 
of oxygen united to 1 of carbon; or in ammonia, composed of hydrogen and nitrogen (equivalent 14), 
we find always 3 parts hydrogen in every 17 grains, showing that ammonia is a combination of 
3 equivalents of hydrogen, with 1 of nitrogen ; which can be fm-ther proved by brmging 4 eqmvalents 
or 32 grains of oxygen into combmation with 17 grains of ammonia, when we obtain 27 grains of 
water, containing 3 grains of hydrogen and 24 of oxygen ; while the remaining equivalent of oxygen 
joins the niti-ogen to form 22 grains of oxide of nitrogen. 
ON THE PRODUCTION OF SUMMEK AND WINTER SALADS. 
By Mh. H. bailey, C. M. H. S., Gaedener to G. Harcoukt, Esq,, Ndneham Pabk. 
7UCH skill and foresight are requisite in this department of the multifarious occupations of a gar- 
dener ; nor can he who is deficient in this respect be esteemed a master of his business. The day is 
past for hoardhig up knowledge, and it is only by reciprocating it that we can hope to attain to perfec- 
tion in anything. Let ns, therefore, cheerfully communicate those practices which we have found to be 
advantageous, for the benefit of those who may (in any particular department of the art of horticul- 
ture) have had less opportunity than ourselves of acquii'ing knowledge by experience ; thus shall the 
hints contained in this our miscellany contribute to the general good, one and all deriving benefit from 
them. 
The principal ingredients used in salads are Lettuce, Endive, Cliicory, Radishes, Beet-root, Celery, 
Tarragon, Chervil, Nasturtium, Burnet, Small Salad, and Cucumbers. Upon the culture of each of 
these, it is proposed to offer a few liints, founded not upon plagiarized dii'ections fi'om old authors, but 
upon practice and observation. 
Lettuces are of two kinds, Cos and Cabbage, and their duration may be extended over the greater 
part of the year by a little management. The first crop may be got in about the middle of April, and 
will be most valuable for salad at that period. The kind is called the Dutch forcing Lettuce, which I 
obtained at Haarlem some years ago. If sowm aboat the 25th of August, and preserved in a cold 
frame during the winter, it may be planted on a slight hotbed about the end of February ; or potted 
and plunged to the rims of the pots. The greatest difficulty is to preserve the plants fi'om damping. 
It will bear almost as much heat as a Cucumber, but requires shading in bright sunshine, and a httle 
night air to prevent excessive condensation of moisture. It forms a hard close head, and is, at the 
season in which it comes in, a luxmybut little laiown in English gardens, although common in Hol- 
land. 
This crop, those Cos and Cabbage Lettuces which were sown in August to stand the winter in the 
open ground, will succeed in May, and the succession vsdll be continued by sovsdng a few in a little 
heat early in spring. To succeed these, a crop sown broadcast in the open ground, and hoed out (pre- 
viously giving a shght di'cssing of guano), will give fine summer Lettuces; similar successional sow- 
ings up to July vrill continue the supply ; but those sown the end of that month, will make fine Let- 
tuces if transplanted in the cooler nights and under the refi-eshing dews of autumn. If some of this 
sowing are taken up with balls, and put into a dry house or fi-ame, they wiU continue the supply tiU 
Christmas, or even later. 
The cultm'c of Radishes needs httle comment ; the Early Frame is best for winter and spring use, 
