120 
On Boring for U 'ater. 
forcing it round, will soon cause the chisel to penetrate ; but if the ground is 
hard or strong, the workmen strike the chisel down with repeated blows, so as to 
peck their way, often changing their situation by walking round, which breaks the 
stones, or other hard substances, that may happen to obtruct its progress 
The labour is very considerably reduced by means of an elastic w oden pole, 
placed horizontally svepthe well, from which a chain is' brought down, and attach, 
ed to the ring of the handle. This pole is usually made last at one end as a ful- 
crum, by being set into a heap of heavy loose stones ; at the Other end the l.mmirer 
gives it a slight up and down vibrating motion, cerresponding to the 'beating mo- 
tion of the workmen below, by which means the elasticity of the pole, in rising, lifts 
the handle and pecker, and thereby very considerably diminishes the labour of the 
workmen, 
When the hole has been thus opened by a chisel, as far as its length will permit, 
the chisel is withdrawn, and a sort of cylindrical auger, Fig. 4, is attached to the 
handle. Fig 2. for the purpose of drawing up the dirt or broken stones which hare 
been disturbed by the chisel. A section of this auger is shown in Fig. 5. by which 
the internal valvo will be seen. The auger being introduced into the hole, and 
turned round by the workmen ; the dirt or broken stones will pass through the 
aperture at bottom (shown at Fig. 6,) and fill the cylinder, which is then drawn up, 
and discharged at the top of the auger, the valve preventing its escape at bottom. 
In order to penetrate deeper into the ground, an iron rod, as in Fig. 7, is now 
to be attached to the chisel. Fig. 3, by screwing it to its upper end, and the rod is 
also fastened to the handle. Fig. 2, by screwing into its socket. The chisel having 
thus become lengthened, by the addition of the rod, it is again introduced into the 
hole, and the operation of pecking or forcing it down, is carried on by the workmen 
as before. When the ground has been thus perforated, as far as the chisel and its 
rod will reach, they must be withdrawn, in order again to introduce the anger. Fig. 
4, to collect and bring up the rubbish, which is done by attaching it to the iron rad, 
in place of the chisel. Thus, as the hole becomes deepened, other lengths of iron 
rods are added, by connecting them together, as in b, Fig. 8. The necessity of 
frequently withdrawing the rods from the hole, in order to, collect the mud, stones, 
or rubbish, and the great friction produced by the rubbing of the tools against its 
sides, as well as the lengths of the rods, augmenting in the progress of the opera- 
tion, sometimes to the extent of several hundred feet, render it extremely inconve- 
nient, if not impassible, to raise them by hand. A tripedal standard is therefore 
generally constructed, by three scaffolding poles tied together, over the hole, as 
shown in the plate, from the centre of which a wheel and axle, or a pair of pulley 
blocks are suspended, for the purpose of hauling up the rods, and from which hangs 
the fork ; Fig. 9. This fork is to he brought down under the shoulder, near the 
top of each rod, and made fast to it by passing a pin through two little holes in the 
claws. The rods are thus drawn up, about seven feet at a time, which is the usual 
distance between each joint, and at every haul a fork. Fig. lo, is laid horizontally 
over the hole, with the shoulders of the lower rod resting between its claws, bv 
which means the rods are prevented from sinking down into the bore again, while 
the upper length is unscrewed, and removed. In attaching and detaching these 
lengths of rod, a wrench. Fig. 11, is employed, by which they are turned round, aud 
the screws forced np to their firm bearing 
The boring is sometimes performed for the first sixty or a hundred fqet, by a 
chisel of two and a half inches wide, aud cleared out by a gouge of two and a quar- 
ter diameter, and then the hole is widened hy a tool, such as is shown at Fig. 12. 
This is merely a chisel, as Fig. 3, four inches wide, but with a guide put on at 
its lower part, for the purpose of keeping it in a perpendicular direction ; the lower 
part is not intended to peck, Imt to pass down the hole previously made, while the 
sides of the chisel operate in Enlarging the hole to four inches. The process, how- 
ever, is generally performed at one operation by a chisel of four inches wide, as Fig. 
3, and a gouge of three inches and three quarters, as at Fig. 4. 
It is obvious, that placing and displacing the lengths of rod, which is done every 
time that the auger is required to be introduced or withdrawn, must of itself be ex- 
tremely troublesome, independent of the labour of boring; but yet the operation pro- 
ceeds, when no unpropitious circumstances attend it, with a facility almost incredi- 
ble. bom. times, however, rocks intercept the way, which require great labour to. 
penetrate; but this is always effected by pecking, which slowly pulverizes the stone. 
