1829.] On different Methods of raising Water for Irrigation. 277 
one man is able to perform the work required, but which is, in general limited to 
kitchen gardens. This plan is followed also in the immediate neighbourhood of Lac- 
nan, which indicates a level much lower than the northern and north western parts 
of Awadh, where it does not I believe obtain. 
In the Benares district the wells are deep, and there the general mode of drawing 
water, is with a leather bucket, (mot) drawn by a pair of bullocks, and requiring the 
labour of two men, one to empty the bucket, the other to drive the cattle. This 
I should imagine to be the most dilatory, laborious, and expensive mode of any. 
In Bengal, at indigo factories, the Persian wheel is used, which must be considered 
a noveltv rather than an improvement upon any old system, when no artificial 
means of watering the cultivation are requisite ; but the introduction of which to 
the westward would, I conceive, be a great improvement. 
In the Dehli district, I have seen a machine which may be, and I believe is, called 
the Persian wheel, and of which the following is, I fear, but an inaccurate description. 
It is composed of one horizontal, and two vertical wheels, the former turning upon 
a pivot, the spokes of which catch those of one of the vertical projecting through 
the fellies, and turn it round; from the nave of this last runs a beam about 8 feet 
long, attaching itself to the second vertical wheel, which rests upon two beams 
placed across the diameter of the well, and working between them ; to this second 
vertical wheel thick ropes are attached, upon which are tightly fastened a number 
of small earthen pots, like steps of a ladder, reaching in each side from the top of 
the well to the water : these successively dipping in are brought up full ; each emp- 
tying its contents into a trough, in reaching the apex of the wheel, produces a 
continued stream which is conveyed to the neighbouring fields. Two bnltucks driven 
by a hoy, passing under the beam which supports the machine, turn the horizontal 
wheel by a shaft to which the cattle are yoked. This method is perhaps the best to 
accomplish celerity, and will water four bigahs in a day. 
Another mode of drawing water, I observed near a village close to the cantonment 
of Nassirabad in Rajputdna, which I had never seen before, nor have I met 
with it since. A leather bucket, similar to that used in the Benares district, in fact 
an inverted cone, but open at the bottom, with a leather valve to overlap and pre- 
vent the water falling : to this valve was fastened a strong piece of twine, the tenth 
of an inch thick, the other end being tied to the yoke, and of a sufficient length and 
accuracy to keep the valve shut while the bucket was rising, and in its reaching a 
certain height, the advance of the bullocks with the yoke pulled open the valve, 
which disengaging the water, it was received into a trough, and thence carried to 
the fields. A small pulley to the edge of the well for the twine to revolve upon pre- 
vented any friction. One man was sufficient to fill the bucket, drive tbe bullocks, 
and attend to the discharge of the water. _ 
The utility of these different modes depends of course upon the proximity or 
otherwise of the water ; hut X should imagine this last, might with ease and advan- 
tages be introduced in those parts of the country where the mat is used. 
I remain, 
Your obedient servant, 
X. Y. Z. 
The lever described in the preceding paper is not a bad method by any means 
of raisin^ water, and it deserves attention for its great simplicity as well as ingenuity. 
To obtain an idea of its performance we may put m — the force exerted by the man ; 
x — the weight attached to the short end of the lever ; IF;= weight of water raised ; 
w weight of apparatus, i- e. bucket and ropes. Put also X : r the ratio of the two 
ends of the levers, l being the short one. We shall now, supposing equilibrium, have 
the following equations. 
1 . r ( m w ) — x. 
Whence W is easily found equal to »i ; i. e. the quantity of water raised is equal 
to the force exerted by the man. In a working state it is evident that it will be a little 
less, because in the first step a portion of m is required to overcome friction and 
inertia, and in the second step a portion of x. The quantity of water raised will 
therefore be minus the man’s force by twice this quantity, which, as the machine 
is so simple, must he very little. 
From onr correspondent P.’s table given in the preceding number, we gather, that 
hoisting water from a well in buckets, a man’s force is equal to 630 maunds raised 
10 feet high per diem. It would be curious to observe whether the actual produce 
of this contrivance answers to this estimate. 
