Machines for Irrigation. 
[Oct. 
300 
Another man in this case attends to empty ^ the ’ labour!— i 
one man standing at the mouth of -ie > P ^ ave ma(Ie n0 actual expe- 
riments to ascertain by which 
of the two methods, the 
same number would raise the 
greatest quantity of water ; 
but it appears to me that the 
plan in use here, is the most 
perfect. At Madras the man 
who walks along the lever is 
in danger of falling, and the 
man who empties tlie bucket, 
of being hurt, for it must 
come up between his legs as 
he stands fronting the end of 
the lever : and although the 
bucket there, is much larger 
than the one in use here, I 
have observed tliatthe work- 
man was never able to emp- 
ty more than two-thirds of 
its contents, owing to the 
awkward position in which lie 
, stood. The machine from 
which the drawingwas taken, 
consisted of a lever or ba- 
lance A. I!. 14 feet 9 inches 
in length. This rested on a 
fulcrum A. C. 11 feet 6‘ in. 
high, a rod or bamboo B.D. 
24 feet in length, by which 
the workman raises and low- 
ers the bucket 1). containing 
789 cubic inches. Depth of the well from the surface of the earth C. E. to the 
surface of the water F. 14 ft. 9 inches ; height of the end of the canal for conveying 
away the water G. 3 feet; Total height to which the water is raised, 17 feet 9 inches. 
The far end of the lever is loaded with mod I. I. so as exactly to counterba- 
lance the pot, when fnll of water. The average time which the workman took to 
raise a pot of water, was 15 seconds : hv this means, therefore, a man can in an 
hour raise about 671 gallons, to the height of 17 feet 9 inches. If the depth of the 
well he less, as is usually the case, the quantity raised by the same labour will be 
much greater, but in what proportion 1 did not ascertain.’" — Vol. /. page 263. 
“ Color . — In this immediate neighbourhood, the yhtams that arc wrought by men, 
walking backwards and forwards outlie lever, are preferred. There archere two kinds; 
one in which two men walk on the balance, which has a bucket containing 40 seers, 
or 9/^5 ale gallons, and which can raise this five men’s height, or 26 ft. 3 in. In 
the other kind, one man only walks on the lever, and can raise 32 seers or 
^t’oVs alc gallons, from the depth of three men’s stature, or 15}; for the men 
here being in general small, 5} feet are reckoned the ordinary human stature. The 
people of this place, reckon, that the same number of men will raise more water 
by the larger yatam, than by the smaller one; and much more by their small one, 
than by the yatam which is wrought entirely from below : of this, however, I am 
doubtful. 
The machine here is equally used with that described at Bangalore. I examined 
one while it was at work, and which was wrought by two men on the lever. It 
raised water only eight ft. and at each time 35 seers only could he emptied from 
the bucket. — It drew water six times in the minute, and consequently raised 
3066 ale gallons in the hour, or 1022 gallons for each man ; but at Bangalore each 
man can raise 671 gallons to more than double the height. I have seen the single 
yatam drawing water from about eight feet deep, at the rate of seven times a minute ; 
by which means a man will raise 1175 gallons an hour."— Fob I. page 294. 
‘ 1 aieotacotag , — 1 observed one ofthe machines for raising water called a yatam, 
which was made on a better construction than those above the Ghats. It was wrought 
by one man, who stood on a plank raining parallel, to the lever, anil placed on one 
