304 
Additional Notice on Cooling Wines. 
[Oct. 
It may be observed, that water does not taste very cold unless it be cooled down 
30 degrees. It is obvious therefore, that saltpetre alone never can produce this de- 
gree of cooling. In the common way of cooling, also, in a leaden las, much cold 
is wasted ; as the great surface of the leaden vessel is in immediate contact with the 
warm air which carries oft the cold. Whereas, a leaden or pewter vessel cased with 
thick staves of wood, is protected from the external air by the wood, which is a slow 
conductor of heat or cold. 
It may also be observed, that the cooling mixture, to be effective, should consider- 
ably exceed the fluid to be cooled in quantity. To cool a quart bottle of wine, the 
cooling vessel should be capable of holding seven or eight quarts of water; into 
this, pour three quarts of water, then add three quart measures of saltpetre, and 
sal-ammoniac, or saltpetre and Glauber's salt, half and half, that is, one and half mea- 
sure of the one, and one and half measure of either of the other two. The vessel will 
then he about two-thirds full ; and when the bottle of wine is introduced, the cooling 
mixture will rise up to the neck of the bottle. It is essential to the success of the 
experiment, that whatever fluid is to he cooled, should he under the surface of the 
cooling fluid. If only half the bottle is immersed, the upper half of the wine will 
remain quite hot as when put in; while the lower half may be cooled down 30 
or 40 degrees, according to the power of the ; iixture. The cooling vessel will 
answer very well if made of a cylindrical shape ; but if made in the shape of aa 
inverted cone, or bulging out in the upper half, so that the largest body of the 
cooling mixture may surround the upper part of the bottle to he cooled, the desired 
effect will be most surely attained, as the cold descends, hut will not ascend. 
The C’hara nun is procurable m the Bazar at the rate of two Rs. ainaund. It is in 
lumps (apparently a thin cake broken up), of considerable hardness. It is of a 
dirty grey colour, and its structure appears similar to that of calcareous stalagmite, 
being apparently formed by the deposition of successive layers. We have thought it 
necessary to be thus minute in our description, in as much as the appearance of 
the article, being so very different from that of Glauber's salt, as our readers have 
most probably seen it, they would be doubtful whether they had obtained the pro- 
per substance. It is to be added, that as purchased, it does not reduce, but actually 
raises the temperature (about 10°). The truth is (and the reader will see the reason 
of it in the following extract) , that the salt is in the anhydrous state, or deprived of 
itswaterof crystallisation, in which case, as it must absorb water, heatis given out. 
The proportion of the water of crystallisation in the crystals of this salt, is very 
great, being 55 per Cent; so that 44 seers of the anhydrous kind, if dissolved and 
crystallised, should yield 1(10 seers. Iu this case, the cost would be less than one rupee 
the maund. There is however a partial difficulty in crystallising it in the hot weather 
or rains, owing to the circumstance of water dissolving a maximum of the salts at 91°. 
So that supposing a solution evaporated over the fire, till it begin to deposit crystals, 
and then allowed to coo), the crystals will he re-dissolved and disappear ; the difficulty 
may be obviated by lading out the crystals, while the solution is still on the fire. 
Or a saturated solution being made at 91°, and allowed to cool all night to the tem- 
perature of sunrise (about 80°) will deposit crystals; which being removed, and the 
solution again saturated, the operation may he repeated, and this, without any ex- 
pense of fire wood. This method we have found to answer, but the process is tedi- 
ous. One hundred parts of water will dissolve 50,65 parts of anhydrous salt, at 
91°. The result is a solution of 150,65 parts, which maybe considered as 36 parts 
water, and 114 the crystallised salt. Such a solution cooled down to 80° will de- 
posit 30 parts of crystals, or one-fourth of what it contains ; cooled to 77°, it will 
deposit 40 parts; at 61°, 56 parts ; and at 56°, 7 6] parts. So that in the cold 
weather, the crystallised salt may he manufactured very conveniently, and without 
expense of fire wood. For 50,65 seers of the anhydrous salt, being put into 100 
seers of water, of a temperature of 91°, and the solution being afterwards cooled 
to 56°, which may be done at that season of the year, nearly two maunds of cry- 
stals will he obtained at once. These estimates relate, however, to the pure salt ; 
there is a laige proportion of sediment in the Bazar article. ( 
The following account of the manufacture of this substance, is extracted from 
Dr. Buchanan's unpublished reports. “ The salt called lihari, is made there, 
at no great distance from the Ganges, about four cos-es east from Singiya, a 
factory of the Company’s. The saline earth, from whence this also is made, is 
called Jieher, and effloresces on the surface of several places of Purgannahs 
Besara, Godasaugr, Bhatsala, Juruva, Partaul, Lai, Rati, Chbapra Maker, Goya, 
Sangrampur, Maharal, Barui, Daiigsi, and Barel, iu the districts of Saran and 
