334 
On the Manufacture of Raw Sugar (Gur.) 
[Nov. 
boiling the juice; of the number of days the mill works ; its produce during the 24 
hours ; the actual cost and tear and wear of bullocks ; the price the Zemindar sells 
his giir at; and the produce per pucka Biga; must not be received as perfectly 
exact, but may be considered as being rather below than above the truth. 
About 20 days before the season for making gur commences, the Zemindar 
generally obtains an advance in cash from some monied Bania, cither of his own or 
some neighbouring village ; and in general where this advance is received, the lender 
of the money becomes the purchaser of the giir. And at the end of the season, 
when accounts are settled, the produce is sold at such a rate as to give the liunia 
his full interest. In a fair year, 24 seers of gur for the rupee is considered as a 
good price for the Zemindar, and at this rate the wages of the servants, always paid 
in giir, and the raw juice of the cane, have been calculated. 
The mill for bruising the sugarcane which is used in this part of the country, is 
so well known as hardly to need description. 
It is sufficient to state, that it is a very clumsy machine, consisting of two principal 
parts, viz. 1st. an upright block of wood or stone, generally the former, firmly fixed 
in the ground, and rising from 3 to 4 feet above it. It is hollowed out in the shape of 
a cone, and receives the second piece, viz. a beam of wood about seven feet long 
having its lower end conically shaped to fit loosely the hollow of the block before 
mentioned, leaving room enough between them to admit of the pieces of cane being 
thrust in, and subjected to pressure. A pair of bullocks are attached to this beam 
by a yoke, and communicate motion to it, walking in a circle of above 10 feet in di- 
ameter ; but from the confined space in which they move, and the immense friction, 
a great deal of power is lost, and labourwasted : such a mill costs, if of the best, kind, 
16 rupees. Four pair of bullocks, and eleven men, are required to work it to its best 
advantage, keeping it going day and night. Many Zemindars have uo mills or pans 
for boiling the juice of their own, and the practise of hiring both is so common, 
that the subsequent calculations have been made on the supposition that both have 
been hired. 
It has been assumed, 1st, that the hire of a mill for the season is, ...Sa. Rs. 3 8 
and of two pans for boiling the juice, ... 5 0 
2dly. That the average price of such bullocks as are used in the mill is 
per pair, . . 30 0 
3dly. That the mill in 24 hours produces on an average eight maunds of 
gur, consuming about 11 Bigahs Kacha of sugarcane. 
4thly. That the mill works 60 days. 
Sthly. That eleven people attend the mill, they are as follows : 
Two Pedehs , who keep the cane from being thrown out by the action of srs. ch 
the mill, they receive between them per diem, . . 4 5 
Two Mutiahs, who cut the cane into pieces from 4 to 6 inches long, 
and fill the mill with it, at per pan, per diem, .. 2 5 
Two labourers, who attend to keeping the mill in order, renewing ropes, 
replacing wedges, &c. and giving assistance whenever required, at per 
diem, per the pan, .. 3 10 
One Carpenter for repairing the mill, . . 2 6 
Two Peindiahs, who form the giir into masses of three or four seers 
each ; they receive per diem between them, . . 2 7 
Two Jhohas , who attend to feeding the fire under the boilers with the re- 
fuse of the bruised canes, at per diem, per pan, . . 2 14 
Village servants receiving for each cast, viz. Kumhars, Lohars, Chi- 
mars, Dhobis, Darzis, and Brahmins, between all per diem, .. 3 15 
6thly. That a pace a tiigah of the plant, produces on an average 16 
maunds of gur, and. 
Lastly, that the Zemindar disposes of his giir at 24 seers per rupee. 
The number of servants and their wages are known, and the rent is as- 
sumed from enquiry. From these data the expense of manufacturing 
the giir per cent, has been thus calculated. Gur, selling at 24 seers srs. ch, 
for the rupee, the hire of a mill for the season at 3 8 is equal to, .. 84 0 
Hire of pans at the same rate, for the same time, at 5 rupees, .. 120 0 
Wear and tear of four pair ofbullocks, equal to the price of onebul- 1 
lock, per annum 15 rupees; but as the sugar season is short, allow L 180 0 
six months, or half, = 7 8 or, . , J 
Expense for the season, 384 q 
