towards or advances at the newcomer. 12» ***3 m»Zih»+4 yt$ tu* 
Stfafid*, 
When e bird lends on as acacEStwiz ledge it often gapes in 
jyg k tu.e s s t. e way even xf there is no otnor > l rd Ou tne If. * 
This ” landing ga^e 1 ' occurred In «< 1 1 but 1 7 oi s. o>> m )1 3 coi n t® •* 
of 86 : id ings **** vacant ledges, though ' so time* t\ l 
was only opened slightly. Juveniles who can fly are less lively 
to gape when landing ti 
«!3 "» * 1 f Ct 
"1 
* .. »• -" »• 
Another ho a til . ' ation is dluoxxa 
; w i t. n 
n -ch and beak 
aligned and. pointing upwards (Fig. 4), the bird utters a- chattering 
'Vufs-kuk-Vak 
9 # * 
*! v*'- .;y i; e i no jifenc / x*3 a •• 20 n t o ay x to bias or se o-ond 
a-? vk:i-:k 3 continuously f'-r c. t. thro- or t IT seconds. 
» ’ 
These ttueios displays ( apart f row the landing ge o* are 
of the three 
least li 
to load to an at took. 
el y 
a n cl * 0 or 0 > r left y 
T- 
i refer to two 
-V* t > i r- f - 
.. > ;L - r -i '• 
lie on m 
B * ** 
*» f* .'j ' *■ .<*■. 4- }• i ; ‘V1 ’! <''0 
O y k '•■*» r'j 
:i U*. 
n» Vf e\ j 
■ ' 
- : 1 0 
the 
/ii. k UJ 
am 
■* .. ,<K 
d jl - J Q 
o c cm r 
1 .-'V» n i- Vi /••>> « 
VJ •'. O' . ■ Uvk. i ; 
jrh.k 
,*** ••. * 
/ *u W V4 
oh ns i 
r* c; 
- * V’ , V • ■’ 
i vv- ... ' » il '•« 
th o y 
e t a o ■• 
h C\ 1 O', £5s 
rt i4 *>v JL- vr ‘*' 
ly 
kaxed. 
are relatively now fiO^USintAilCil * ^Wl * ■ i 
cl i j ' p *■ ■ e n c f ■ i n d .-‘tail in 
N, "i ; is 
.* .: l 
when oerformed in response to the 
rate and l- * riv 1. *toe»jrr*.btxsr ".‘heroes the display is usur 1 . ly 
o 
often faces in some other direction. 
There are several other gestures welch {SREXSWajS oovJi 
rT* II II -V. - * ^3 Hi i| * by wjjfi % * - | ;~Q ^ 
both in hostile situations and when r pair core together 
v> Two 
01 
; i f: wn"*ou tf 
tust -0 a 1*0 q&i i 8 1 ** b ^ * * ■ '*• '• v - 1 
” >a hhhh* . Neither is coo an. either bet r o-n a elv or between 
rival i. . 
r — ' , , TJI 
■ ■ 1 
• : t.~”, 'k ' ' "■. 
^ 3 1 & 
- 1 * ,h 
a t o t ■ ■ o o 
r three c 
1 ,1p v 
•*■. k ‘ . i =-.• 1 /■;• “ v j : 
... V. ..• El ' ■ “• - J V 
k 
1 1 .'■ CUflC 
oi a. no 11 
kas ‘ re to 
sc ends and is 
by Goethe 
~r'-1 
u-( i -» 
