56 Sanitary Science in the United States: [January, 
sides. The village cemetery, formerly negleCted, has been 
surrounded by an exquisitely-kept hedge. Monuments have 
been ereCted to the memory of villagers whose subsequent 
achievements have made the place of their birth illustrious. 
Prizes have been offered for those who laboured most 
efficiently to improve the health and beauty of their native 
town, and for these prizes the poor as well as the opulent 
contend. In fa Cl, the neatly-kept sidewalks, the attractive 
gardens, the pretty cottages of the poor, are a better indica- 
tion of what healthy village pride can do for a community 
than the tunic lawns of the rich. I need not add that in a 
community where these things which add grace and beauty 
to the daily life have been done, the more important works 
of water supply, drainage, sewerage, &c., have not been left 
undone. Similar associations have sprung up throughout 
New England. In Williamstown the villagers have thrown 
down every fence, and this most picturesque of village 
towns is a beautiful park, through which the houses of the 
inhabitants are scattered. 
IV. Ventilation. 
In the matter of ventilation, a considerable advance on 
the whole is to be noted ; in other words, the percentage of 
failures to successes, in cases where methods of ventilation 
for the time being in vogue have been tried, is slowly grow- 
ing smaller. The volume of scientific literature, founded 
on our increasing knowledge of the properties of materials, 
of gases, and of heat, grows more rapidly than the generally 
accepted rules by which the art of ventilation is to be prac- 
tised. It is noteworthy that there are few persons who do not 
regard themselves competent to arrange the ventilation of 
an ordinary building, and it has hitherto been left largely 
to the builder, the vestryman, and the school trustee. This 
should not be the case. What advance has been made is 
mainly due to the specialisation of this kind of professional 
labour — the foundation of a class of engineers who devote 
themselves exclusively to problems of this character, and 
who have fought their way into practice by successful work 
accomplished. The architect submits his plans to these 
specialists, who adds to them the requisite details of heating 
and ventilation. It would be a great step in the interests of 
sanitary science if the school or hospital trustee would not 
think it devolved upon them, as a portion of their office, to 
become for the time being an authority upon ventilation, 
and if they were, as a proceeding of sound economy, to rele- 
