1 879.] England's Intellectual Position . 523 
has undergone a development which thirty years ago would 
have been pronounced simply impossible. But it is purely 
of German creation. Germans have trained and fostered 
speculative research in the Universities of Kazan and Perm, 
just as they have guided applied science in the print-works 
of Moscow and the foundries of Tula. So successfully has 
this been effected that Kazan and Perm contribute more 
original investigations than any British University, and that 
at the late Paris Exhibition Moscow outstripped Manches- 
ter and Glasgow in the purity and brightness of its alizarin- 
red grounds. 
Turning from Russia to a country of far older civilisation, 
where intellectual pursuits of all kinds have undergone a 
striking revival, we find professorships at Turin and Rome 
held by distinguished Germans. In the United States, 
though there exists a great and increasing body of scientific 
men of American origin, Germany is playing her part of 
general instruction. Even in the quasi-civilised States of 
South America the same facts are to be recognised. What- 
ever scientific activity exists is due to Germans, and is 
placed under their guidance. 
We see thus that over a very great part of the civilised 
world there is a double movement in progress ; students are 
flocking from all ends of the earth to German seats of 
learning, and professors are going forth to all ends of the 
earth as apostles of culture. On the contrary, England is 
the focus of no such centrifugal and centripetal movement. 
As a natural consequence German literature, German ideas, 
German habits of thought are spreading everywhere. Nor 
is this, as might perhaps seem at first sight, a matter of 
barren honour. The German professor — settled, say, in 
South America or in Japan — naturally uses his influence on 
behalf of the German manufacturer and the German mer- 
chant. If a new branch of industry is to be introduced 
German engineers, or chemists, and German workmen are 
sent for, as is now the case with a woollen manufactory in 
China, which is being established on European principles. 
Nay, it may even be that our political weight is suffering 
from what foreigners cannot but regard as our inferiority 
and ignorance. 
Such, then, is the state of affairs outside the boundaries 
of the British Empire. How is it within ? To a very great 
extent, both in the home kingdoms and the colonies, we find 
ourselves compelled to import that intellectual eminence 
which we refuse to cultivate in our midst. Foreigners oc- 
