1879-1 
Notices of Books . 567 
animal species, — such as the rat, the rabbit, the cat, the dog, the 
horse, the monkey, the ape, the elephant, and the whale, — he 
concludes that intelligence and brain-complexity do not keep 
pace. Whilst we accept this proposition, supported as it is by 
evidence drawn from the comparison of different individuals and 
races of our own species, we must demur to the author’s standard 
for estimating the comparative intelligence of animals. He 
takes as a test “ the results of training when an animal is 
brought under the influence of man.” In virtue of this test he 
considers the dog entitled to a higher mental rank than the 
monkey and the ape. But in our own species we are apt to 
consider the readiness with which an individual or a race sub- 
mits to slavery, a proof of inferiority. The comparison, too, is 
utterly unfair ; the dog’s forefathers have for many generations 
been placed in close contact with man, while the monkey is 
rarely born in captivity, and is studied under all the unfavour- 
able circumstances of a climate unsuited to his health. Man is 
apt to extol those animals which make themselves the accessories 
of his vices, and to undervalue such as cling to independence. 
The best instance in favour of Mr. Calderwood’s position — the 
ant — he has overlooked. 
Elaborate brains, he considers, are indicative of a highly- 
developed muscular system. The instances given seem to us 
to involve some misapprehension : — “ There is the brain of the 
horse, whose muscular power has come to afford the standard 
by which we estimate the comparative power of the steam- 
engine. There is the brain of the anthropoid ape, whose mus- 
cular power is such that when full grown a single stroke of its 
arm causes certain death to a man. There is the brain of the 
whale, so wonderfully minute in the windings of the convolu- 
tions as to be quite singular in this respedt ; an animal the mere 
stroke of whose tail can endanger a large ship.” 
Passing over certain fishes, such as the rays, and the large 
serpents, as the python and boa, whose brains are simple in 
structure, but whose strength is certainly no less striking, bulk 
for bulk, than that of any of the animals here mentioned, we 
ask if the highly-developed brain of the gorilla is the cause, or 
even the mark, of its great muscular power, why should man, 
with a brain still more elaborate, be so much weaker ? The de- 
mands of the human brain upon the system have by some been 
alleged as the best explanation of man’s remarkable muscular 
feebleness. However this may be, the author shows, from the 
independent researches of Ferrier and Hitzig, that a large por- 
tion of the brain — including most of the region assigned by 
Gall, Spurzheim, and their disciples, to the “ moral faculties ” — 
is connected with the sensory and motor activity of the nervous 
system, and serves consequently to regulate the movements of 
the body. Other portions — the so-called “ silent ” regions, 
comprising the frontal lobe — have not been found to respond to 
