568 Notices of Books . [August, 
the stimulus applied, and their functions are consequently still 
unascertained. We cannot help here remarking how completely 
the once dominant system of phrenology has fallen into discredit 
in its old head-quarters. 
The power of emotion, and of intelligent interest to affeCt the 
bodily condition, is discussed at some length, and is, in our 
opinion justly, regarded as a proof that the mind is something 
more and other than a mere corporeal function. We may give 
two faCts in point, not adduced by Mr. Calderwood, and both 
taken from the history of exploring expeditions in savage coun- 
tries. So long as the party is still advancing, and the minds of 
the men are engaged with novelties, seen or hoped for, their 
health is generally fair. But the moment it becomes necessary 
to return, and pass through scenes already traversed, a break- 
down is not long in making itself manifest. Again, the natu- 
ralists or other scientific men attached to such expeditions 
generally show a higher power of resisting malaria, fatigue, &c., 
than do their companions. 
A most interesting incident is quoted from Kruse. “ A deaf 
and dumb boy was in 1805 found by the police straying about 
Prague, and was placed in an institution for deaf-mutes, where 
he received instruction. When sufficiently educated to give 
accurate answers to questions put to him, he gave a description 
of his former life. His father, he said, owned a mill ; he 
described the furniture of the house and its surroundings mi- 
nutely ; he gave a full account of his life when at home ; told 
that his mother and sister had died, and that his father had 
married again, and that his step-mother ill-treated him until he 
had run away. But he neither knew his own name nor that of 
the mill ; he knew, however, that it lay to the east of Prague. 
Enquiries were made, and the statements of the boy were found 
to be correct. The police found his home, gave him his proper 
name, and secured him the succession to his father’s property.” 
We think that this case alone is sufficient to warrant the rejec- 
tion of Prof. Max Muller’s celebrated diCtum — “ Without speech 
no reason.” 
The author’s weak point is his evident desire to exaggerate 
the distinction between man and the lower animals. That 
among the latter, even in the wild state, there exists a concep- 
tion of duty which in the rook, the ant, and perhaps in other 
species, takes the form of positive law, is proved by undeniable 
faCts. In such animals, just as in man, though to a less extent, 
desire is checked by will and reflection. 
Mr. Calderwood holds that prior to maturity of brain develop- 
ment “ a child four years of age is found to concern itself with 
rational laws of life, insisting that deceit is wrong, and injustice 
and cruelty.” Where such correCt moral judgments are formed 
we may be sure that hereditary impressions have come into 
play. 
