406 Leaves and their Functions . [June, 
isolatedness to favour its rejection. Fortunately another 
French observer, M. J. B. Rames, has found in the vicinity 
of Aurillac (Cantal), in the strata of the upper part of the 
Middle Tertiary, — here, too, in company with mastodons and 
dinotheriums, though of more recent species than those of 
Thenay, — flints which also have been re-dressed intentionally. 
Here, however, the flints are no longer split by fire, but by 
tapping. It is something more than a continuation, it is a 
development. Among the few specimens exhibited by M. 
Rames, whose discoveries are quite recent, is one which, had 
it been found on the surface of the ground, would never have 
been called in question. 
The weighty fadts developed by French investigators re- 
ceived striking confirmation in the Portuguese department 
of the Exposition. A distinguished savant of Lisbon, Senhor 
Ribeiro, director of the Geological Bureau of Portugal, sent 
a collection of flints and quartzites found in the strata of the 
Middle Tertiary or Miocene, and in the Upper Tertiary or 
Pliocene of the valley of the Tagus. Among these speci- 
mens — ninety-five in number — are twenty-two which bear 
unquestionable traces of intentional chipping. Nine speci- 
mens, all of flint, are described as coming from the Miocene. 
Of the others, purporting to be Pliocene, seven are of flint 
and six of quartzite. All these specimens are roughly 
chipped, and nearly all are triangular in form, and not re- 
dressed, whether the material be flint or quartzite. 
Thus, then, the Anthropological Exposition, important 
though it was from the point of view of Quaternary man, is 
still more important from the point of view of Tertiary man 
— man’s precursor. His existence can no more be denied. — 
Popular Science Monthly . 
III. LEAVES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. ’ 
By Rev. L. J. Templin, Hutchinson, Kas. 
S LEAF, whatever may be its configuration or colour, 
is always an objedt of interest. But how few people, 
when they see a leaf as it waves and flutters in the 
breeze, really know what they are looking at. Leaves appear 
in an endless variety of forms, sizes, and colours. They are 
often so transformed that it is more by the place they occupy 
