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[March 
ANALYSES OF BOOKS. 
Allgemeine Ethnographic .* Von Friedrich Muller. Wien : 
Alfred Holder. 
We have here a luminous, compadt, and yet comprehensive 
survey of an important science, furnished by a masterly hand. 
In the outset the author points out the distinction between 
ethnography (ethnology) and anthropology. The latter science 
regards man, physically and psychically, as a specimen of the 
zoological species Homo. The former views him as an individual 
belonging to a certain society, depending on custom and descent 
and united by a common language. After sketching the history 
of the science and explaining the reason of its absence in 
classical antiquity, he explains the meaning of the terms “race” 
and “people,” which may be summed up in the words that race 
is ah anthropological, but people an ethnographical, conception. 
He remarks that though we now find no men not belonging to 
some people, we must still admit that there were at one time no 
peoples, but merely races. 
Proceeding to the systems of anthropology and ethnography, 
he gives a summary of the classifications of Blumenbach, 
Cuvier, Retzius, and Haeckel, the latter of which, mainly 
founded upon the properties of the hair, is expounded at some 
length. According to this arrangement man is primarily divided 
into Ulotriches and Lissotriches. In the former division each 
hair is a flattened band, having an ovoid sedtion. In the Lisso- 
triches the hairs are cylindrical, and their sedtion is a circle. To 
language the author — in our opinion very judiciously — assigns 
merely a subordinate value in the diagnosis of peoples. 
We next meet with the question, What is the position — we 
might say the valence — of human races in zoological system- 
atics ? Herr Muller, in acccord with Darwin, regards them as 
sub-species. We must here, however, point out that the mutual 
fertility of different human races can scarcely be taken as a 
ground for denying them the rank of distindt species, when we 
find the American bison and the domestic cow — though belonging 
to separate genera — still capable not merely of interbreeding, 
but of producing a permanently fruitful progeny. The various 
races he considers have arisen by natural selection from one 
primitive type, which has long since disappeared, and which 
branched out first into the Ulotriches and Lissotriches. 
Universal Ethnography. 
