Instinct and Mind. 
[April, 
230 
The characteristic of mental power is that of an indivi- 
dualism : there is no individualism in the animal instinCts, 
however much there may be of character. The argument 
would be equally imperative even if cultured man was 
eliminated. Savage man has abstract ideas of the equities, 
the particular relations of man to man, a sense of 
justice which controls his innate sensuous propensities ; and 
has besides a conscience, of which, in its true abstract con- 
sideration, there is no instance in animals. It would seem, 
the faCt that no animal has been discovered which is a fire- 
raiser or a fire-preserver should settle the distinction between 
instinCt and mind. Monkeys will assemble around a fire in 
the woods left by a hunter or wayfarer, but there is no 
record of their ever having added a stick to the fire, imi- 
tators as they are, in order to continue the warmth they 
so much affeCt ; even the anthropomorphous apes, which 
our savants mark out as the immediate ancestors of man, 
must be included. The preservation of the fire, the connec- 
tion of the sticks with the warmth, is a reasoning process to 
which they have not attained. Surely, if the animal men- 
tality and that of man were the same, the isolation in 
respeCt of fire would not have continued for the hundreds 
of thousands of years through which fire has been the fami- 
liar implement of man, and which he has possessed, if 
geological evidences are to be admitted, before the pre- 
glacial period. Geikie and his companion, in the pre-glacial 
boulder clay at Brandon, in Suffolk, found charred sticks 
and flint implements. 
In examining the question of InstmCt and Mind it is 
necessary to define the meaning intended to be conveyed 
when the words are used. InstinCts are inherited faculties 
appertaining in particular degrees to all animal organisms, 
and have their origin in the senses, and their enjoyment in 
sensuous gratification and in the perpetuation and preserva- 
tion of their species. All mentalities which are said to 
pertain to animals have their expression in sensuous apti- 
tudes and are directed to the gratification of the selfish 
instincts. If the various anecdotes denoting animal men- 
tality are thoroughly examined they will all be found directed 
to some sense gratification, and that when the animals 
subieCt them to control it arises from the memory of some 
former discipline. The study of biological history proves 
that the animal instinCts are graduated in accordance with 
the necessities of existence : this can be traced throughout 
the range of animation commencing with the protamoeba, 
whose only instinctive faculty appears to be directed to 
