i88o.] 
The Soul : What is it ? 
303 
of hares, and allowed a dog to run round this prison, 
snuffing at the inmates, and attempting to get at them for 
about two hours. It need scarcely be said that the hares 
were in a state of great terror. At the end of that time the 
dog was killed ; his olfactory nerves and the interior mem- 
branes of the nose were taken out with the least possible 
loss of time, and ground up in glycerin. The clear liquid 
thus obtained contained the souls of the hares, or at least 
portions of them, in an intense state of painful excitement. 
Every animal to whom it was administered, either by the 
mouth or by injection under the skin, seemed to lose all 
courage. A cat after taking a dose did not venture to spring 
upon some mice. A mastiff similarly treated slunk away 
from the cat. Now we are here confronted by a serious 
difficulty : if a second dog was rendered timid by merely a 
small portion of this extradl of fear, how is it that the first 
dog, after snuffing up the whole, did not suffer the same 
change and become afraid of the hares ? 
Other experiments, we are told, were tried with analogous 
results. Thus a glyceric extract of courage was obtained 
from a young lion, the olfadtory nerves of a dog being again 
used as the collecting medium. 
A difficulty which must make us hesitate before ascribing 
animal antipathies to some disagreement in their souls, 
making itself known by their specific emanations, is the 
following : the animals of uninhabited islands when they 
first come in contadt with man entertain no antipathy for 
him, until his propensity for indiscriminate slaughter is 
learnt by experience. Can we assume that his emanations 
have changed in the meantime ? Again, a colony of mice 
had established themselves at the bottom of a deep mine, 
doubtless in order to prey upon the provisions, candles, See., 
of the workmen, and had flourished there for many genera- 
tions. One of them, being captured, was brought up, placed 
in a cage, and shown to a cat. The cat prowled around 
and tried to get at its prey, but the mouse gave not the least 
sign of alarm. Why should the emanations of a cat be less 
alarming to this mouse than to any other ? Is the tiger, 
our natural enemy, — which, according to Prof. Jager, bears 
the same relation to us which a cat does to a mouse, — any 
more offensive to us than certain animals which never prey 
upon man at all, such as the polecat or the skunk ? If the 
timid man tempts the dog or the ox to attack him, on what 
principle does he diffuse panic among his fellow-men ? 
In short, Prof. Jager’s theory is beset with many and 
serious difficulties. Nevertheless, or rather the more we 
VOL. 11. (third series), z 
