1880.] The Antiquity of Mankind. 315 
state that no very precise idea of their physique can be 
formed. Mr. Dawkins, however, considers that at this Age, 
remote as it is, man was present in Europe as such, i.e., in 
a form not widely differing from those of more recent days. 
Hence it is plain that the intermediate forms, connecting 
man with the lower anthropoids, must be sought for in the 
early Pleistocene, and possibly in the Pleiocene, formations. 
These pristine men, however, if sufficiently distinct from any 
known ape, fossil or living, are no less incapable of being 
identified with any human type now existing. They must 
doubtless be considered as the undifferentiated stock from 
which the various races of mankind have branched out. 
One interesting question remains ; What was the relation 
of these earlier men to that mysterious phenomenon, the 
Glacial epoch ? Mr. Dawkins concludes that in the.milder 
regions of Europe man was probably not merely glacial, but 
even pre-glacial. He only penetrated, however, to the north 
of the Thames when that evil period had come to its end. 
Formations of a later date reveal to us the footsteps of a 
different and a higher race, the so-called cave-dwellers. 
Both in Britain and in France the river-drift men were fol- 
lowed by population much less widely distributed, who may 
be identified with the Eskimos of the Labrador and the ex- 
treme north of America. Among their relics there occur 
stone tools and weapons of a much more perfect kind than 
those used by the river-drift men. We find arrow-heads, 
harpoons, saws, and borers. The first attempts at decorative 
art have even made their appearance. Bones and teeth have 
been discovered engraved with representations— rude, but 
capable of recognition— of hunting-scenes. Clothing and 
personal ornaments had also made their appearance. These 
cave-men, however, who must be distinguished from their 
neolithic followers as well as from their predecessors, the 
river-drift men, were not in possession of the ait of pottery ; 
they did not bury or otherwise dispose of the remains of the 
dead, and they had not domesticated the dog. It must here 
be remarked that in every case the lower civilisation pre- 
ceded the higher. Mr. Dawkins considers that the river- 
drift men had probably lived for countless ages in Europe 
before the arrival of the cave-men. I he Pleistocene Age, 
it must be remembered, was of vast length. 
We are now landed in that somewhat indefinite epoch 
known as the pre-historical, where the climatic conditions, 
the fauna, and the flora of Europe, no longer show any 
marked diversity from what obtain at the present day. Heie 
the subject gradually passes from the jurisdiction of the 
