[September, 
562 A Change of Front. 
integral part of Nature, and maintain that as such he may 
be legitimately studied by the scientist. The Bishop’s rea- 
sons for placing man “ in a class by himself” have already 
been weighed elsewhere, and may safely be pronounced un- 
satisfactory. Will, purpose, thought, may all be claimed 
for the lower animals, though of course in a very much 
smaller degree than they are met with in man. But it is 
utterly unwarrantable to found absolute distinctions upon 
mere differences in grade. 
From the author’s comments on the materialist epigram, 
“ Without phosphorus no thought,” I do not dissent. It 
might be interesting to determine whether the proportion of 
phosphorus in the brains of different animal species, in that 
of one and the same species at different periods of maturity 
and decay, or, again, in individuals of the same species 
which during life have differed in mental power, bears any 
proportion to their respective degree of intelligence. 
The Bishop says, with reference to the moral feelings, 
“ I can discuss them, I can guide my conduct by means of 
them, I can feel ashamed of this or that failure in upright 
or high conduct.” True, but domestic animals also can feel 
ashamed of wrong doing, irrespective of the prospedt of 
punishment.* We read that a murderer “ has no doubt as 
to the faCt that the person who did the deed of darkness 
years ago is the same person as he who feels the pangs of 
remorse to-day. f Every material particle in his body may 
have changed since then ; but there is a continuity in his 
spiritual being out of which he cannot be argued.” In so 
far as this consideration is an evidence against what is com- 
monly known as Materialism, J I appreciate its value ; but 
if it be urged in proof of the continuous personality of man 
as distinct from his fellow-animals, I must demur. Cases 
are known of brutes remembering both kindnesses and 
injuries for terms of years long enough to allow of the 
exchange of every material particle in their bodies ; yet 
such an animal never doubts that it is the same being which 
was injured long ago, and in taking the opportunity for 
revenge it asserts its continuous personal identity just as 
distinctly as does the criminal supposed by the author. I 
see, therefore, here also no justification— far less necessity 
— for the old practice of putting man in a class by himself. 
On the contrary, it will doubtless appear that by this very 
* Journal of Science, 1875, p. 423. 
f Savages do net seem capable of remorse. 
+ Hylozoism ; Apneumatism. 
