522 Exploration in the Far East. [October, 
Brakian he describes as an El Dorado for ornithologists 
and entomologists. Among the more characteristic butter- 
flies he mentions Papilio palinurus , P. pompeius , P . antiphus , 
P. theseus, P. priapus, and P. memnon. The European 
hawk-moth, Sphinx ocellata ( Srnerinthus ocellatus ) occurs here. 
The orang-utan of Sumatra is confined to the flat, swampy 
coast-forests extending from Tapanoli to Singkel. It is 
named by the inhabitants “ Mawas,” and may be distin- 
guished from the Bornean variety by its more foxy-red 
colour. The remaining Sumatran apes are Hylobates syn- 
dactylus (the amang, improperly termed siamang) and H. 
agilis (ungko), inhabitants of the mountain-forests ; Semno- 
pithecus cristatus and S. melalophus , Cercopithecus cynomolgus, 
and Innuus nemestrinus. The bats ( Pteropus ), during the 
author’s residence at Lumut, flew every evening in a swarm 
from the north-west towards the south-east, and returned 
before sunrise in an opposite direction. The author fired 
once at a female which was flying unusually low, when a 
young one which was clinging to her teats fell downwards : 
before it could reach the ground the mother darted after it, 
seized it with her teeth, and soared away with her rescued 
offspring. 
The fort was almost besieged by tigers, so that no one 
ventured to go out after six in the evening. The animal 
differs in some respeCts from the Bengal race. The ground 
colour is less of a rusty red, and the black stripes are not 
so slanting, and do not display upon the back those sharp 
angles, directed forwards, which form a black dorsal stripe 
in the tiger of the Indian continent. In the Sumatran race 
the tail is shorter and thinner. Elephants, identical with 
the Ceylonese species, are tolerably numerous. The rhino- 
ceros ( R . sumatranus) is met with in the mountains as high 
as 6000 feet above the sea-level. The author gives a very 
extensive list of the birds of Sumatra, in many cases with 
remarks on their habits and structure, which, however, 
space does not allow us to notice. 
The islands on the western coast of Sumatra are rich in 
Coleoptera and Lepidoptera of remarkable beauty. One 
species of the latter, Hebomoia Vossii, is peculiar to the Isle 
of Nias. The author observed no mammal or bird which 
is not common to Sumatra, whilst all the larger members of 
the former class and many of the Sumatra are wanting. 
There are neither tigers, bears, elephants, rhinoceros, or 
tapirs. Only two monkeys occur, and these are absent in 
Engano, the most southern, and in the author’s opinion the 
most recent, of these islets. 
