[October, 
650 Analyses of Boohs. 
European surpassing the female to a greater extent than is ob- 
served among savages. The difference between the average 
capacity of the skulls of modern Parisians, male and female, is 
almost double that which prevails between the skulls of male 
and female inhabitants of ancient Egypt. Further, as civilisa- 
tion progresses, the range of variation among male individuals 
increases with the position of the race in the scale of civilisation. 
Thus among negroes large and small male skulls may vary by 
204. cubic centimetres ; among ancient Egyptians by 353 ; 
among twelfth century Parisians by 472 ; and among modern 
Parisians by 593. Hence Le Bon holds that the real test of 
superiority of one race over another in regard to cranial capacity 
is not to be ascertained by averages, which are often deceptive, 
but by observing how many individuals per cent in different races 
possess skulls of given volumes. 
An important conclusion here at once suggests itself, viz., that 
the progress of the race is towards greater diversity, and that 
the revolutionary doCtrine of equality has no natural foundation. 
Some interesting conclusions are also reached concerning the 
average weight of the brain in different European nations. The 
mean weight of the English brain is given by Boyd at 47-8 ozs., 
and by Peacock at 49 ; that of the French, 47-9 ; of the Germans 
at 48*3 ; and of the Scotch at 50. On the other hand, the 
weight of the negro brain is given by three authorities as 44*2, 
44-3, and 44-5 ozs. respectively. The brain weight of the male 
negro is therefore the same as that of the European female, and 
falls short of the male European by 5 ozs., or about n per cent. 
The Chinese brain is remarkably heavy. The eleven adult males 
whose brains were weighed belonged to the lowest class, and 
were all chance victims of the cyclone of 1874. Yet they showed 
an average weight of 50*45 ozs., exceeding therefore that of the 
English, Scotch, French, or Germans ! The great size of the 
brain in the Lapps and Esquimaux is mentioned, but no weights 
or measurements are given. 
Le Bon carried out a series of measurements of the heads of 
Parisians belonging to different classes of society. He found 
the largest size among the scientific and literary class ; next fol- 
lowed the commercial world ; then nobles of ancient families ; 
and lastly domestic servants. We believe that in England also 
the heads of footmen, grooms, &c., have been found smaller 
than those of any other class. 
A small size and weight of brain have been long ago laid down 
as ranking among the characteristic features, and indeed among 
the causes, of idiocy. Broca places the limit compatible with 
ordinary human intelligence at 37 ozs. for the male and 32 ozs. 
for the female. But in a number of cases given by Dr. Thurnam 
and others the brain-weight ranges from 3576 down to 8*5 ozs., 
the scale among the anthropoid apes being from 16 to 12 ozs. 
The converse statement, that a brain of unusual size necessarily 
