[October, 
656 Analyses of Books. 
considers a valuable characteristic, the cubic contents in the 
white race sometimes exceeding 1600 cubic centimetres, whilst 
in more than one of the dark races it does not exceed 1200. It 
may here be remarked that in the Esquimaux the cranial capacity 
does not fall short of the average European standard. 
A peculiarity of the lower races is the less degree of compli- 
cation of the cranial sutures, which approximates them to the 
anthropoid apes. In them, as in the apes in question, the obli- 
teration of the sutures proceeds from the front to the back, — 
that is to say, commencing with the region corresponding to the 
nobler faculties of the brain. It is the same in the apes, but 
not in the white man, in whom, further, the ossification of the 
sutures is notably less precocious. Among the dark races the 
frontal part of the cranium occupies less room, both in width 
and length, than it does in the higher races, which is again a 
Simian feature. 
Another characteristic of the inferior races is the considerable 
development of the face in proportion to the total head. The 
lower races approach the apes by their wider sphenoidal angle, 
which measures 135 0 in the European, I45°in the negro, 150° in 
the chimpanzee, and 170° in the orang. The inferior races have 
also a wider nasal aperture, and the nasal bones become united 
at an earlier epoch — also a Simian characteristic. In the white 
races the parietal and the sphenoid are articulated together, 
whilst the frontal and the temporal are joined by a more or less 
horizontal suture, measuring 1 to 2 centimetres. In the apes 
this arrangement is reversed, the frontal and the temporal being 
articulated, whilst the parietal and the sphenoid are connected 
by a vertical suture — a structure frequently found in the dark 
races. These latter races are also characterised by their 
prognathism. At the same time the lower jaw sometimes, even 
retreats as in the pre-historical specimen of Naulette, which is 
almost completely Simian. In the aborigines of Australia and 
New Caledonia the three large molars are nearly equal. This is 
a transition between the decreasing form in the white race and 
the increasing in the apes. The canines are also stronger in the 
Australian than in the European — another Simian feature. The 
elongation of the pelvis is another characteristic which approxi- 
mates the lower human forms to the apes. 
The author then justly and truly declares that the anthropo- 
morphoid apes have, like man, two hands and two feet ; they are 
neither quadrupeds nor quadrumanes. 
If a brief digression may be permitted we would express our 
surprise that any one, after seeing the skeleton of a gorilla, can 
persist in calling this huge ape “ quadrumanous.” Its foot has 
a decided heel-bone, like that in the foot of man, which is 
wanting in its hands. But the hands and feet of the apes are, 
as we might expeeft, less specialised than those of man .; yet in 
the lower human races the use of the foot is less exclusive than 
