i88i.j Comparative Psychology . 25 
the test. All “binding ’’for any term I would absolutely 
prohibit. Any member of a trade who had himself passed 
the test should — on giving proof that he possessed the need- 
ful facilities — be licensed to receive pupils for practical 
instruction. Such pupils should pay as is done in colleges, 
i.e., not a “ premium ” or lump sum down, but a quarterly 
or yearly fee, and should be at liberty to go to another 
instructor or to another business if either were found, on 
further acquaintance, to be unsuitable. 
Whether this practical training in the workshop should 
precede or follow a study of the principles of the art or 
manufacture in one of those colleges which it is hoped will 
spring up in all our large towns, I would not venture to 
decide. 
IV. COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY.* 
r>° ^ 
ENGLISH literature, from the times of Gilbert White 
downwards, has been rich in original observations on 
the habits, the propensities, and the intelligence of 
the lower animals. Yet until very recently how little have 
we, as a nation, contributed towards a definite science of 
the “ brute ” mind. This poverty is mainly due to the cir- 
cumstance that we, more persistently than our neighbours, 
have been intent to go on treating the animal soul and the 
human soul as two absolutely distinct essences between 
which no relations of co- filiation or even of similarity are 
allowed to exist. The general public, including the men of 
“ culture ” and “ scholarship ” as well as the rude and 
ignorant, assumes that the doings of beasts, of birds, or of 
inseCts, are governed by “instinCt,” i.e., by impulses having 
their direCt origin in the will of the Creator, under the guid- 
ance of which each “ brute ” blindly and almost uncon- 
sciously plays its part in the great tragedy of life. It will 
be granted that such a theory as commonly understood ren- 
ders observation needless, and any attempt to explain and 
harmonise faCts a mere impertinence. It might, however, 
possibly have struck the upholders of this doCtrine — unn atu- 
* Der Thierische Wille. Von G. H. Schneider. Leipzig: Ambrose Abel. 
