30 Comparative Psychology * [January, 
class and rejects those of the other — all this without any 
play of thought, but quite instinctively. The anger of the 
bull or the turkey-cock at the sight of a red cloth proves 
how spontaneous and unreflecting are the aversions of 
animals. 
But not merely the touch or the sight of an objeCt may 
excite feeling and lead to aCtion ; the conception or idea of 
anything agreeable or disagreeable even in its entire absence 
produces the same effects in the higher animals and in man. 
As an instance of such conceptive feelings the author men- 
tions the dread of darkness, of thick woods, and of unex- 
plored caverns, which is now innate in man. This feeling 
is due to the hereditary conception of dangerous wild beasts, 
which may approach us unseen in the night, or may lurk in 
caves and thickets. Hence a vague fear is experienced even 
where no beasts of prey exist. 
Thought-feelings, lastly, are indirect conceptive feelings, 
and predominate only in man. Hence the author even pro- 
poses a zoological classification in which the protozoa, 
radiata, and most of the mollusca figure as sensation-ani- 
mals ; the cephalopods and the annulosa as perception-ani- 
mals; the vertebrates, with the exception of man, as concep- 
tion animals ; and man alone as the thought animal. We 
cannot pronounce this arrangement happy. 
The author points out, as the distinction between his 
position and that of Von Hartmann, that the latter fails to 
understand how simply instiCts may be explained by the in- 
heritance of certain feelings and impulses. He asks “would 
it not be piquant to refer instinCt to the fourth dimension 
which haunts Zollner’s brain ? Whosoever makes this 
attempt will certainly find readers.” 
Perhaps the fairest method of deciding on the value of 
Dr. Schneider’s speculations will be to examine their appli- 
cation to certain admitted difficulties in connection with 
animal intelligence. It has often been asked why a female 
butterfly deposits her eggs only on such plants which will 
afford suitable nourishment for the young caterpillars ? The 
reply is that the sight, the odour, and ultimately the feeling 
of the proper plant, stimulate her to deposit her ova, whilst 
if she settles on another plant she experiences no such sen- 
sation. It is well-known that the aCtual laying of an egg 
depends very much upon the choice of the mother, even in 
birds. A hen will lay her egg where she sees another egg, 
or an objeCt closely resembling it in shape, size, and colour. 
Where she finds no such nest-egg she will roam about as 
long as possible without laying. In like manner a “ painted 
