1881.J Analyses of Books. 159 
lowing his profession. In 1865 he received, after earnest appeals 
to Government, a pension of £50 a year from the Home Govern- 
ment, and in 1877 a further sum of £50 a year was added by the 
Indian Government. 
Mr. Cross, the introducer of C. officinalis , made six expedi- 
tions, encountered great dangers, and suffered repeatedly from 
fever. The sums he has received have barely covered his ex- 
penses out of pocket. On his final return to England, in 1879, 
he received two sums of £300 each for about nineteen years’ 
service. 
Mr. John Weir, the gardener, was a most important element 
in the success of the undertaking. Without his skill and know- 
ledge it is very doubtful whether the young plants would have 
been shipped in a healthy condition. In 1865 he was brought 
back to England a cripple for life, and had no resources save 
the interest of £600 collected for him by the Fellows of the 
Horticultural Society, and his wife’s earnings. Mr. Markham’s 
urgent appeal for a small grant in recognition of Weir’s excellent 
services was refused. What statesmen or what administrations 
are responsible for such injustice we do not care to ask ; but we 
cannot hear without shame and indignation of such treatment 
being meted out to men who have deserved so well of their 
country. 
Mr. Markham’s work is full of interesting observations, bota- 
nical and climatological, both respe&ing South America and 
India, and will be read with delight by all lovers of adventure 
and enterprise. 
The Journal of Speculative Philosophy . Vol. XIV., No. 3. 
New York : D. Appleton and Co. 
In this number our attention is especially called to a highly 
original article by Mr. Payton Spence, entitled “Atomic Collision 
and Non-Collision, or the Conscious and the Unconscious States 
of Matter; a New Theory of Consciousness.” The author 
shows, in the beginning of his memoir, that consciousness 
seems to stand abruptly apart from the world of matter and its 
phenomena ; that it “ has hitherto no scientific genessis.” . He 
thinks that matter exists in two states, a negative and a positive, 
the latter being induced by the collision of atoms, and varying 
indefinitely in degree. Here, then, we have the “ conscious and 
the unconscious universe — the negative being the unconscious, 
and the positive the conscious.” He uses the term conscious in 
a wider sense than is usual, embracing under it “ not only human 
and animal consciousness, as is generally done, but also in- 
