194 
The Organisation of Matter. 
[April, 
an extra vigour of individual resistance. It must be 
strengthened in itself to meet the combined assault upon it. 
It must, in short, possess much greater momentum than the 
solid molecule to give it an equal resisting energy. 
This extra momentum is extra temperature energy, which 
is needed to place solids and liquids in equilibrium, as 
regards their radiant force ; and it is this which constitutes 
the so-called latent heat of liquids. Similar temperatures 
in liquids and solids really require a much greater motive 
vigour in the slightly resisting liquid particles than in the 
rigidly linked solid particles, and this extra motive vigour 
must be absorbed before they can become equal in centrifugal 
energy. 
The same principle holds good between liquids and gases. 
In the latter the resistance is still more reduced. The 
molecule is largely individual in its energies, being but 
slightly aided by its attractive relations with surrounding 
molecules. Thus it again is at a disadvantage as compared 
with the liquid, and needs a much greater vigour of impact 
in itself to balance that portion of resisting or impacting 
vigour which the liquid molecule borrows from its neigh- 
bours. 
In the reverse process the opposite result occurs. In the 
gas becoming the liquid it finds itself possessed of a great 
advantage in resisting vigour, and yields momentum to the 
slightly resisting gas until the latter gains equality of resist- 
ance by a great increase in the impact energy of its 
particles. A like result occurs in the change from liquid to 
solid. 
This principle probably extends backward unto the sim- 
plest form of matter, every new integration from the original 
ether needing a smaller quantity of impact energy than is 
possessed by the more simple forms to put it into tempera- 
ture equilibrium with them. The more individual the 
particle becomes the greater personal vigour it needs, its 
resistance to impact being less aided by the force of conti- 
guous attractions. 
There are other characteristics of matter which probably 
arise from the causes above mentioned. As we have said, 
increased external pressure upon a solid may raise the pitch 
of vibration of its particles, by forcing them to move in a 
smaller space. Increased temperature may perhaps have a 
like effect. Expansion of the mass here causes increased 
pressure, and may thus produce a higher vibratory pitch, 
this rising until it becomes sufficiently high to yield the 
pulsations of radiant heat and light, through all their various 
grades of pitch. 
