ig8i .] Physiology of Mind- Reading. 413 
that mass-motion cannot be communicated, and the subject 
concentrates his mind ever so steadily, the operator does 
just what he would do by pure chance, and no more. This 
I have proved repeatedly with good subjects and expert 
performers. 
2. The subject can successfully deceive the operator in 
various ways — first of all, by using muscular tension in the 
wrong direction, and muscular relaxation at the wrong 
locality, while at the same time the mind is concentrated in 
the right direction. To deceive a good operator in this way 
is not always easy, but after some practice the art can be 
acquired, and it is a perfectly fair test in all experiments of 
this nature. 
Yet another way to deceive the mind-reader is, to think 
of some object or locality at a great distance from the room 
in which the experiments are made, and, if there be no ready 
means of exit, the performer will be entirely baffled. I am 
aware that some very surprising feats have been done in the 
way of finding distant out-of-door localities by muscle- 
readers, but in these cases there has usually been an implied 
understanding that the search was to be made out-of-doors ; 
muscle-readers have thus taken their subject up and down 
stairs or from one room or hall into another, and out-of-doors 
until the house or locality was reached. 
Another way in which deception may by practised is for 
the subject to select some object or locality on the person of 
the muscle-reader. If such a selection be made, and the 
method of physical connection above described be used, the 
experiment will be a failure, provided the muscle-reader does 
not know or suspect that an object on his own person is to 
be chosen. Similarly, if the subject selects a locality on his 
own person, as one of the fingers or finger-nails of the hand 
that connects with the muscle-reader. When such tests are 
used, there is not, so to speak, any leverage for the tension 
of the arm toward the locality on which the mind is concen- 
trated, and the muscle-reader either gets no clue, or else one 
that misleads him. 
3. When a subject, who has good control over his mental 
and muscular movements, keeps the arm connected with the 
operator perfectly stiff , even though his mind be well concen- 
trated on the hidden object, the operator cannot find either 
the direction or the locality. This is a test which those 
who have the requisite physical qualifications can sometimes 
fulfil without difficulty. 
Here I may remark that the requirement to concentrate 
the mind on the locality and direction sought for all the 
