1 88 1.] Sexual Distinctions and Resemblances. 743 
— In the lion 18 beats per minute ; in domestic cattle 10 ; 
in sheep 12 ; and in the human species, a number which 
varies from 10 to 14. Thus in the functions of animal life 
the male is distinctly pre-eminent. 
The structural differences between the two sexes are by no 
means confined to mere height, breadth of shoulders, or 
depth of chest. The skeleton of the male is not only posi- 
tively but relatively heavier than that of the female, bearing 
a larger proportion to the total weight of the body. The 
bones of a man contain a larger percentage of mineral 
matter and a smaller proportion of organic matter than those 
of a woman. Not only so, but there is a difference in the 
components of the inorganic portion, the male skeleton con- 
taining relatively more carbonate of lime and less phosphate 
of lime than that of the female. Livon asserts that the left 
shoulder-blade is larger than the right in women, — a differ- 
ence which in the inferior races of mankind extends to both 
sexes. According to Broca the length of the clavicle in 
comparison with the humerus is greater in women than in 
men, just as it is greater in the negro than in the Aryan race. 
It is also said, though I doubt if the evidence is conclusive, 
that women use the left arm, and altogether the left side, 
more than do men. They are certainly more given to cen- 
tripetal as contrasted with centrifugal movements than are 
men. Thus a woman, if cutting any article, brings the knife 
towards herself, whilst a man under similar circumstances 
cuts outwards, or away from himself, and is thus much less 
liable to hurt his hands. 
In the voice there is also, in many of the higher animals, 
a sexual difference analogous to that which exists in our own 
species, the voice of the male being the deeper and more 
powerful. 
In amount of muscular energy there is also a wide differ- 
ence. The strength of an average woman in civilised 
countries is only about two-thirds of that of the average 
man. In the larger apes the difference is much greater. 
I turn next to the skull, with its appendages and its con- 
tents. It is found that in the Aryan race women are rela- 
tively more prognathous than men, approximating in this 
respeCt to the condition of the lower races. The skull is 
decidedly more bulky in the male sex throughout all mam- 
malian species which have been examined. Wiesbach deter- 
mined its cubic contents in German women, and in men of 
the same nation, to bear the respective proportions of 878 to 
1000. Morselli finds the difference somewhat greater, or as 
850 to 1000. Broca states the excess of size in men, as 
