i88a.] 
The Principles of Magnetism, 
23 
As to veneration its presence in the animal world has 
been established by hundreds of observations, summed up in 
the well-known aphorism “ man is the God of the dog.” 
There remains merely firmness, which carried often to 
the extent of obstinacy is as plain among animals as is 
imitation. 
We find, therefore, that all the “ sentiments peculiar to 
man” of the Phrenologists are common to him and to some, 
at least, of the lower animals. How such an erroneous 
classification of the mental faculties came to be adopted is 
difficult to understand. Probably Gall, Spurzheim, and 
Combe were not close observers of animal life and followed 
the “ learned ignorance” of their day in denying to “ brutes” 
all the higher sentiments. Should the science of Phre- 
nology ever be re-construCted in a form capable of harmon- 
ising with the results of modern research, this point must 
not be overlooked. 
MONG the varied phenomena of magnetism, there is 
one of more significance than has usually been 
ascribed to it, and which, when considered in all its 
bearings, would seem to lead us to a fuller knowledge than 
we now possess of the intimate relations of magnetic 
particles. This is the fa6t of the astatic combination into 
which every two contiguous magnets seek to enter. As a 
necessary consequence of magnetic polarity, with its mutual 
repulsion of like and attraction of unlike poles, any two 
magnets laid side by side will repel each other if their polar 
axes be in the same direction, and attract if their axes be 
in opposite directions. This is one of the fundamental 
principles of magnetic energy, but it is one which has never 
been worked out to its ultimate significance. 
If, instead of two, there be several magnets thus laid side 
by side, the effort made by each to reverse the polar axes of 
IV. THE PRINCIPLES OF MAGNETISM. 
By Charles Morris. 
