9o Geological Faults. [February, 
complete change in the mode of procedure. No. 15 pier 
proved a most unfortunate one for the builders. Like the 
others, it was formed of two cylinders, but, being founded 
just where the rock dipped down, it began to cant over 
after being partially finished, and had ultimately to be 
blown down, and a new foundation prepared by means of 
piling.” This piling had to be resorted to for six piers. 
I assume that the “ dip down ” was the result of the slow 
wearing down of the sharp sides of the red sandstone, after 
its separation from the trap rock, which is itself worn down 
on each side of the river. As a rule the harder rocks are 
the older. Consolidation may be said to be a law on this 
planet of ours, whether we follow the history of an animal, 
a plant, or a rock. 
D. Y. C. says that “ The new formations are found lying 
unconformably on older formations, each with their separate 
set of faults. And probably under these again would be 
found other sets.” A striking evidence this of the truth of 
my theory of the Earth’s expansion. It is only the more or 
less hard and brittle rock that cracks, just as only the dry 
bark of the older trees cracks as the result of their growth. 
Each particular rock or stratum has had its own history, 
during one period of which it formed the surface of the 
Earth, and when it may have been affedted by the more 
demonstrative evidence of vital adtion in the shape of earth- 
quake waves. 
