1882.] The Exploration of Palestine. 347 
1300 miles. The work is now crowned by the Map, 
measuring, as a whole, on the scale of one inch to the mile, 
13 feet by 7 feet ; and by the accompanying “ Memoirs,” 
with index, illustrations, plans, photographs, the native 
names with their signification, and the like ; not yet finished, 
but probably reaching to ten volumes. We may add, the 
work has been also further completed by Mr. Saunders’s 
“ Introduction,” a specialty as to waterways, plains, and 
highlands ; the Geography of the Survey ; the key to its 
Great Map, each essential to the other and its comple- 
ment. Moreover for this “ Introduction,” a Special Map 
has been prepared, adapted to its special scientific subjects, 
the hydrography and the orography of the country surveyed* 
Of necessity, a book of this kind, on such a subject, for 
such a purpose, presupposes in the reader, or rather in those 
who put the “ Introduction” to its intended use, some pre- 
vious knowledge of the bearing and incidence of the different 
points of physical geography it advances or establishes. Of 
necessity, too, it has nothing, or very little, of a popular 
character, though Mr. Saunders has steered clear of being 
too severely scientific. He has divided his subject into 
four parts ; the natural division indicated by the country sur- 
veyed. I. The Mediterranean Watershed, with its fifteen 
basins, their outfalls and water-partings ; taking in also the 
district of Mount Carmel. II. The Western Watershed of 
the Jordan and the Dead Sea Basin, with their numerous other 
basins and water-partings; Part III. treats of the plains 
of Western Palestine, i.e., the plains on the Mediterranean 
slope, the plains of Galilee, the maritime plains to the south 
of Carmel; also the plains, lowlands, and lakes of the Jordan 
slope, including the Galilean Gorge, the west shore of the 
Sea of Galilee, the Plain of Jericho, and the like. Con- 
cluding, Part IV., with the highlands, the mountains of 
Upper and Lower Galilee, and the highlands of Samaria and 
Judaea. 
It will be seen by a glance at the Map, how much all this 
covers, and how -much the Map and this Introduction owe 
to each other. Both are the result of an original survey of 
the ground as a whole on the best scientific methods, made 
on actual observation, giving all the results usually desired 
in a topographical may. Mr. Saunders brings to his part of 
the work one special qualification ; he had formerly laboured 
with Dr. Grove, before the Palestine Exploration Fund 
Survey, to construct a map of the Holy Land from materials 
then in existence ; and anyone contrasting the present Map 
with its predecessors will at once perceive the immense 
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