5 jo Experimentation in Biology . [October, 
them — in the “ Variation under Domestication,” while they 
are pronounced “ full of promise for the future ” in the 
“ Descent of Man.” 
The researches conducted so diligently of late, with a view 
to obtaining a precise knowledge of animal motion, may be 
mentioned as an example of biological experimentation. 
Those on the relation of muscle and nerve have become so 
popular as to be no longer confined to memoirs and text- 
books, but receive untechnical expositions in volumes designed 
for general readers, the same remark applying to the regis- 
trations of bodily movements. Researches of the latter 
class have been pursued independently and with great dili- 
gence by M. Marey in France, and by Dr. Pettigrew in this 
country (see this “ journal,” April and October, 1875), while 
the well-known philosopher, physician, and cleric, the Rev. 
Prof. Samuel Houghton, has made elaborate series of mea- 
surements, and studied muscular adtion, in himself and his 
friends ; but M. Marey fixes contrivances on to the bodies of 
animals, as upon birds in flight, entailing some inconveni- 
ence, and no doubt also alarm, on the part of the creatures. 
The prosecution of these studies in this country would result 
in the prosecution of the experimenter too. The same en- 
thusiastic investigator conducted a series of experiments at 
Naples with a view to the determination of the analogies, of 
the pausings, rapidity, &c., between eledtric and muscular 
shocks, thus following up the researches of Matteucci and 
others, who have demonstrated that, in a dying Torpedo , 
touching the eledtric lobe will give rise to a discharge 
intenser than that produced normally and voluntarily. At 
the instance of Du Bois Reymond a journey to Venezuela 
was undertaken for the purpose of investigating the Gymno- 
tus. Those who have read the “ Night Side of Nature ” will 
not underrate the value of eledtrical experiments on dead 
animals, for Dr. Rosenthal ascertained that from one and a 
half to three hours after death readtion of muscles to elec- 
trical stimulation disappears, and testing an apparent death 
by this method he prevented burial (“Journal of Anatomy 
and Physiology,” November, 1872). 
Experiments have been made in animal mesmerism. We 
are thus drifted into the question of experimentation in 
Psychology. To cite an extremely important example from 
an account of this “ Journal ” of May, 1880 : — A dog ran 
round a cage containing hares for two hours, at the end of 
which period his olfadtory nerves and interior membranes of 
the nose were dissedted out and ground up in glycerin : this 
preparation, swallowed by or injedted into a mastiff, caused 
