1882.] Comparative Psychology* 6 37 
is complete they are sent on to the metropolis, where they 
arrive with closed shells and in a healthy condition.” This 
simple fadt proves that even animals so low in the scale of 
organisation can modify their actions according to circum- 
stances so as to avoid inconvenience. No possible array of 
vain words, no hair-splitting, however subtle, can blind us 
to the truth that we have here intelligence. That an ani- 
mal to be capable of training must possess intelligence is, 
indeed, self-evident. 
Turning to insedts, we find among the ants mental powers 
of a much higher grade. The evidence that they possess 
memory is superabundantly complete. Nor do we see by 
what right their power of remembering, e.g., members of 
their own community, after prolonged absence, can be called 
“ quasi- memory,” or can be in any way differentiated from 
the faculty of memory in ourselves. It is well known that 
a strange ant, even of the same species, if introduced into 
a nest, is at once, as a rule, attacked and killed without 
mercy. But if some of the inmates of a nest are removed, 
and kept apart from their fellows even for months, they are 
at once recognised when brought back to the community. 
It is an important fadt that this recognition is not “ auto- 
matically invariable.” “ When ants are removed from a 
nest in the pupa state, tended by strangers, and then 
restored, some at least of their relatives are certainly puzzled, 
and in many cases doubt their claim to citizenship. I say 
some, because, while strangers under the circumstances 
would have been immediately attacked, these ants were in 
every case amicably received by the majority of the colony, 
and it was sometimes several hours before they came across 
one who did not recognise them.” 
As to the memory of ants for diredtion and locality, many 
of the observations on record are open to doubt on the score 
that the re-discovery, e.g., of an abandoned nest, as in the 
case mentioned by Belt, may be accidental. But Karl Vogt, 
in his “ Thierstaaten,” mentions that “ for several successive 
years ants from a certain nest used to go through several 
inhabited nests to a chemist’s shop 600 yards distant, in 
order to obtain access to a vessel filled with syrup.” Mr. 
Romanes adds the very just comment — “ As it cannot be 
supposed that this nest was found in successive working 
seasons by as many successive accidents, it can only be 
concluded that the ants remembered the syrup store from 
season to season.” 
As regards the power of communication possessed by ants 
the following experiment, performed by Sir ]. Lubbock, is 
