I 44 
Coming Shadows. 
[March 
and a lower class only as rich and poor, forgetting that in- 
telligence and refinement are not necessarily functions of 
wealth. He proceeds : — “ The causes [of this slow change 
of places] are apparent. The sons of the rich eat daintily, 
exercise daintily, keep late hours for resting and rising, are 
self-indulgent and extravagant. There are, of course, ex- 
ceptions. Undoubtedly, however, the surroundings of the 
sons of wealth create tendencies this way toward effeminacy 
of body and uneconomical habits of mind. The poor, on 
the other hand, are compelled, by their conditions of life, to 
strength-giving exercise and careful saving methods in the 
management of means. Robust bodies and thrifty ways 
give upward tendencies, which, a(5ting through the social 
cycle, lift the descendants of the poor to the higher planes.” 
Even within one and the same race this picture, I main- 
tain, is overdrawn. The ‘‘sons of the rich,” in England at 
least,' are given to athletic open-air pursuits, at school, at 
college, and in after-life. The English squire and the 
German junker show small marks of effeminacy, and are 
generally superior in stature to the labourers on their estates. 
On the other hand, the employments of the poor, save in 
agriculture, can rarely be called “ strength-giving exercise.” 
It would be easy to enumerate a score of trades, including 
most departments of textile manufactures, pottery, tailoring, 
shoemaking, steel-grinding, working with lead in any of its 
forms, and almost all the retail branches 'of distributive in- 
dustry, which are positively debilitating and life-shortening. 
In many cases work is begun at too early an age, before the 
muscles and the joints are sufficiently matured, — conse- 
quently the whole frame is more or less crippled. Unwhole- 
some food, ill-drained and over-crowded houses also prevent 
the development of robust bodies among the poor. As for 
thrift it is quite as rare among the poor as among the upper 
ten thousand. One of the most difficult lessons which 
philanthropists have to instil into the wage-class is the eco- 
nomical management of means. 
I should hence argue that the danger to be apprehended 
in America is not due to any breach of a social law, but to 
a couple of blunders, the first and gravest being the intro- 
duction of the blacks into the Western Hemisphere at all, 
and the second their investiture in the United States with 
the privileges of citizenship. 
In South Africa the British Empire meets with the same 
difficulty, though on a smaller scale. The various black 
tribes, instead of fading away at the approach of the white 
man, multiply more rapidly under the British flag, so that 
