342 
The Scope and Provinces of Zoology . [June, 
“ the only perfectly safe foundation for the doCtrine of 
Evolution” (“Anat. Inv. Animals,” p. 41). Those who 
wish to perceive the consequences of this belief may peruse 
the last section of the chapter on Comparative Morphology 
in “ The Crayfish,” and the chapter on Taxonomy in the 
“ Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals.” In the latter, after 
using such phrases as “ the closest affinities,” “ specially 
modified anenterous Nematoscolisces ,” “ no anneCtent 
forms between,” “ natural to suppose that the first process 
preceded the second in order of evolution,” Prof. Huxley 
writes : “ It is very important to remark that these morpho- 
logical generalisations, so far as they are correCtly made, 
are simple statements of faCt, and have nothing to do with 
any speculations respecting the manner in which the inverte- 
brated animals with which we are acquainted have come 
into existence. They will remain true, so far as they are 
true at all, even if it should be proved that every animal 
species has come into existence by itself and without refer- 
ence to any other.” Similarly, in “The Crayfish,” we read 
of “ degrees of affinity” and of “ morphologically related,” 
and are then told that “ no amount of purely morphological 
■evidence can suffice to prove that the forms of life have come 
into existence in one way rather than another.” No; nor 
any amount of chorological evidence ; nor if Prof. E. D. 
Cope lives to describe billions of fossils ; nor if pigs begin to 
fly, and fishes forsake the sea, and every ape in the world 
invent a razor, shave, and serenade his mistress, will phylo- 
geny (pre-historic) b q proved. It may be very interesting to 
construct Taxonomies in the form of a Tree, to discourse on 
affinities and degenerated forms, and then to declare, “ Oh, 
this means nothing ; it is simply a mode of stating the truths 
of anatomy and embryology ; wait till certain requisite fossils 
are discovered in certain strata, and then it will become a 
‘ phylogeny but of the two evils I prefer dogmatism. Let 
an eternal barrier be placed between the two species of 
Taxonomy — “Phylogeny” and “ PhyloteCty.” There is 
nothing derisive in this latter word ; it simply expresses the 
phyloteCtist’s adherence to the architect theory. 
If the comments made in this article are unimpeachable, 
there are five primary provinces of Zoology (not given in 
any particular order below : — (Ecology, or the study of the 
environment of an animal ; Ergology , or the study of the 
work performed by an animal ; Chorology, or the study of 
the distribution of animals ; Tectology , or the study of the 
materials of which an animal is built, and of the plan upon 
