1883.] Analyses 0 f Boohs. 351 
that these movements are a proof of pain and of consciousness, 
we must consider that such “ signs of pain” can be produced not 
only after accidents, which place a limb out of connection with 
the nervous centres, but even after death. What, then, can they 
prove ? Our author cites the following portion of the evidence 
of Dr. Anthony before the Royal Commission on vivisection 
(Question 2,484) : — “ A horse can kick after he is dead. A 
knacker, after he has cut off a horse’s head, will pass a long rod 
down the spinal marrow to destroy its activity ; otherwise, as 
soon as he began to skin the body the legs would kick with suffi- 
cient force to break his arm.” The author adds, “ Such a mo- 
tion in response to a stimulation is called in scientific language 
a reaction ; in agitationist language, ‘ a spasm of agony. ’ ” 
This phrase seems to have been invented by Miss F. P. Cobbe, 
who in the “ Fortnightly Review” for January, 1882, wrote : 
“ The very fact that physiologists select petted dogs to exhibit 
reactions ( anglice spasms of agony) under their operations, 
&c.” Without seeking why two Greek works should be given 
as the English version of so simple a term as “ reaction,” we 
would ask whether Miss Cobbe is really ignorant that such move- 
ments are no proof of pain ? If so she is no very safe authority. 
Philanthropos aptly shows that Bestiarians themselves, in 
their accentuated protests against the liability of cats and dogs 
to physiological experiment, admit that different animals do 
not feel pain equally., the more highly organised being more 
sensitive than the lower. How, then, can they maintain that 
brutes feel just as we do ? 
He shows also that in the physical sufferings of human beings 
— adults at least — there is a mental facftor almost entirely want- 
ing in animals. This something is ably described in a passage 
borrowed from Mr. E. Gurney and taken from the “ Fortnightly 
Review” of December, 1881. 
We read that “ dogs kept at physiological laboratories for the 
purpose of experiments display no such horror of the operating- 
room as was described in a sensational paragraph which was 
sent the round of the papers some time ago. A dog released 
from experiment has been known to jump up upon the operating 
table and sit there to inspect a companion having his turn, show- 
ing that no very painful impression could have been left upon his 
mind by whatever he had undergone. Dogs with gastric fistulae 
enjoy life in perfect health, and will sit up or lie down when told 
to have different substances injecfted or extracted. At Professor 
Ludwig’s laboratory, in Leipzig, the dogs used as subjects for 
many such experiments are neither tied nor chloroformed, but 
merely patted and talked to while the process is going on.” 
“Among human creatures we see the effecft of mental develop- 
ment upon the sense of pain very clearly in the case of children. 
An infant can be vaccinated without making it cry if its mind is 
kept occupied by a bit of sugar held before it ; and it will undergo 
