352 
Analyses of Books * 
[June., 
even much more pain without discomposure if well amused. 
But when that child is three or four years older, he will under- 
stand that something is going to be done to him ; he will be 
terrified at the preparations ; neither sugar nor anything else will 
divert his mind, and he will be conscious of all the pain given, 
and probably exaggerate it from terror. If pain can thus be a 
secondary thought in the minds of infants it will be still more so 
in those of animals. 
“ A house-dog met with an accident by which a large piece 
of the skin and flesh above the eyebrow was cut and hung loose 
over the eye. His master, a surgeon (who furnishes the anec- 
dote), determined to stitch it. Now, it is well known that — the 
skin being extremely sensitive — stitching is one of the most 
painful parts even of serious operations. The dog was taken 
into a shed, muzzled, and the cut stitched up. All the time that 
it was being done he was straining and struggling to get away, 
though never whining nor crying. The instant he was released 
he dashed into a corner of the shed and seized a bone which he 
had had his eye upon, and which had possessed his soul while 
he had been undergoing operation without anaesthetics. 
“ A horse, whose leg was badly broken, was sentenced to be 
shot ; but there was considerable delay before the execution 
could take place. The bones were completely broken through, 
so that the leg hung loose, a state of things during which the 
least motion causes a human patient most exquisite agony. 
No suffering is worse than that from a broken bone, and the only 
way to prevent its becoming intolerable is to avoid the slighest 
jar which can grate the fragments against each other or the sur- 
rounding flesh. But during the two hours between its injury 
and its death this horse grazed and limped about to graze, carry- 
ing the broken limb dangling.” 
These two anecdotes, we learn, are vouched for by eye- 
witnesses, and we earnestly commend them to the consideration 
of all such “ anti-vivisedfionists” as are capable of dispassionate 
reasoning. The whole of this second chapter of the work before 
us will well repay attentive study. 
The third chapter deals with the more difficult question, 
tl What is cuelty ?” The author’s reply is, “ the wanton or ex- 
cessive infliction of pain.” To this definition it may be objected 
that according to the foregoing chapter an estimation of the de- 
grees of pain is exceedingly difficult. We should be inclined to 
call the inflidtion of pain and death cruel: 
a. When objedtless, or when the objedt to be obtained is fri- 
volous. 
b. When the inflidtor feels a gratification in the inflidtion. 
c. When the objedt can be obtained in some other manner 
without such inflidtion. 
Our views differ here from those of Philanthropos mainly in 
that his defence seems merely to include experiments undertaken 
