1883 .] 
Analyses oj Books. 483 
Here, then, we have a re-appearance of the cardinal fault of 
the Old Natural History, — the consecration of human egoism 
and arrogance. That this delusion can still haunt such minds 
as that of the author is a painful instance of the vitality of error. 
The Bishop’s reasons for placing man in a class by himself have 
already been weighed in the balance and found wanting. Will, 
purpose, and thought have all been demonstrated in the lower 
animals. Indeed, to rejeCt this notion of the qualitative distinct- 
ness of man, it is not necessary that the student should believe 
in the “ Origin of Man ” as sketched out by Darwin and his 
followers, or should even accept the doCtrine of Evolution at all. 
Let him suppose, — as he has the right to do if he recognises 
satisfactory evidence — that every animal species has been inde- 
pendently created. Still, if he observes carefully, patiently, and 
without prepossessions, he will come to the conclusion that man 
does not and cannot form a class by himself, and cannot be thus 
regarded without a vitiation of our thoughts, which is by no 
means confined to zoological science. 
We regret that we must here for the present bring our exami- 
nation of this able and thoughtful work to a close, hoping to 
resume the task at some future opportunity. 
The Science of Man ; a Manual of Anthropology , based on 
Modern Research. By Charles Bray. London : Longmans, 
Green, and Co. 
In this work we find utterances on subjects so many and so 
varied that were we to examine them all our critique would be 
bulkier than the volume upon which it is founded. 
The author is evidently a man of very wide reading, and what 
is not by any means a necessary concomitant, of no small origi- 
nality of thought. That this should be fully acknowledged is all 
the more fitting, since his love for quotations may make him 
seem, on a hasty glance, as a mere compiler of the thoughts of 
others. 
Another characteristic of the work is discursiveness. Even in 
the preface it would be far from difficult to seleCt a number of 
passages having very scant connection with anthropology. The 
main feature of the book is, according to Mr. Bray’s own state- 
ment, “ the application of the Conservation, Transmutation, and 
Dissipation of Energy to Mind, Morals, and Religion” — a task 
sufficiently difficult. That he is a believer in philosophical 
necessity rather than in free will — at least in the ordinary accep- 
tation of the term — may be inferred from the very attempt. On 
the question of the immortality of the soul, “the retention of our 
identity and personality in another world, of whether the soul be 
