738 Canine Intelligence. [December, 
individual or the race. It is only in this way that Evolution 
could be furthered . by individual adtion. Without this 
association of pleasure with right adtion, and of pain with 
wrong adtion, the Natural Seledtion of conscious creatures 
would be impossible. There is a natural seledtion of 
structures and a natural seledtion of actions. The two must 
proceed in harmony ; and they must be studied side by 
side. Every strudture is or has been of use. It has been 
developed for the furtherance of right adtion. But right 
adtion, if it is to be persisted in by a conscious creature, 
must be associated diredtly or indiredtly with pleasurable 
feelings. Nay more, if it is to be persistently persevered in, 
its non-performance must be associated with that dull form 
of pain which we call dissatisfadtion. Only under these 
conditions can that form of condudt which leads to the 
survival of the individual and the race be evolved. The 
principle of greatest happiness has its roots firmly imbedded 
in the evolution of condudt throughout the whole realm of 
conscious existence. 
We may say, then, with regard to the mental processes 
of the dog, so far as we have at present considered or 
glanced at them, that, first, there are a number of uncon- 
scious reflex adtions connedted with the maintenance of 
bare life which can only be called mental in the most ex- 
tended use of that word ; that, secondly, there are processes 
hardly, if at all, to be separated from reflex adtion, which 
are performed, perhaps unconsciously, immediately after 
birth, such as the processes connedted with the instindtive 
adt of sucking, &c. ; that, thirdly, there are processes which 
have not to be specially learnt, but come natural at a cer- 
tain age, such as the adt of swimming and the instindts 
connedted with the maintenance of the species, these being 
evolved under the guidance of Natural Seledtion; that, 
fourthly, there are the instindtive habits of pointing, re- 
trieving, and so forth, which also come natural to certain 
breeds, and which have been evolved under the guidance of 
Human Seledtion, whereby a radical change of dog-charadter 
has been produced. 
(To be continued.) 
