i8 Canine Intelligence. [January, 
result in evil consequences. At the same time I believe that 
the love of a faithful dog for his master is such that to dis- 
obey him in itself gives rise to a sense of dissatisfaction 
which comes near to the prick of conscience, and that to 
please him in itself gives rise to a sense of pleasure which 
comes near to the approval of conscience. 
Pleasure to be gained, pain to be avoided : these are the 
North and South Poles under the influence of which the 
compass of conscious life, brute and human, is set. In 
the lower animal life the pleasure is the pleasure of the 
senses or the gratification of appetite. T. hese are the only 
things in which the animal is interested ; they are therefore 
the only things of which he has any knowledge, the only 
things which can afford to him motives for action. The 
pleasure, moreover, is almost entirely individual ; each for 
himself against all being the motto of the male, each for her- 
self and little ones against all being the motto of the female. 
In the higher animal life sympathy begins to come in, and 
through sympathy a much higher type of aCtion can be 
evolved, so that the motto becomes each for himself and 
companions against all. In the dog his affeCtion foi man 
raises him at once in the scale of being ; many of his 
adtions are performed not for self alone, but for the master. 
Each for himself and for his master against all is the motto of 
the dog. This is a great step, introducing many aCtions 
which are not merely done in self-gratification. Not his 
pleasure alone, but his pleasure in combination with that of 
his master has to be aimed at. When we come to man at his 
highest we have a quite new motto : each with all for all. Not 
his own pleasure alone, but the highest pleasure, and the 
greatest good of the community has to be aimed at. And 
much of the moral warfare of man may be symbolised by a 
struggle between the two mottoes — each for himself against 
all, and each for all with all. 
The community of feeling expressed by the latter motto 
has, I believe, been made possible by language. Community 
of thought and experience has brought with it community of 
feeling ; and out of this two-sided community has grown 
the possibility of those forms of pleasure which are essen- 
tially human. The pleasures of the senses and of the gra- 
tification of appetite have been supplemented by far higher 
pleasures, — aesthetic, intellectual, and moral. Interests, 
sympathies, knowledge have alike been widened. The 
difference between the human mind at its highest and the 
brute mind at its highest has thus been rendered immense. 
Very great, too, is the difference between the human mind 
