1884.] 
The Functions of the Cerebrum. 
593 
VI. THE FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRUM. 
S HE question is debated among physiologists whether 
^ or not the grey cortical substance of the cerebrum 
presents distinct localisation of functions, so that the 
senses of sight and hearing and the action of the various 
groups of voluntary muscles may he referred to strictly 
limited portions of this stratum. The affirmative view is 
chiefly advocated by Professor Munk. 
On the other hand, Professor H. Goltz, of the University 
of Strassburg, is led by his observations and experiments to 
deny every special limitation of the centres of certain groups 
of functions. 
In order to prove that small, limited portions of the 
cortical substance are not the centres of given activities, 
muscular and sensitive, Goltz removed portions of the 
anterior portion of the brain, or of the occipital lobe, in 
certain dogs, sometimes on one side only and in other cases 
on both. He then studied the phenomena evinced by the 
animals months afterwards. In judging of the results he is 
guided merely by the minimum of the disturbances which 
occur after the operations in question, and regards all 
manifestations which appear in some of the subjects but 
not in others as mere collateral disturbances which throw 
no light on the functions of the parts removed. The 
operations, it must be remembered, affected not merely the 
cortical layer, but, to some extent, the white matter. 
We extract from “ Pfliiger’s Archiv fiir Physiologie ” a 
summary of the chief results. 
We have to distinguish animals which had undergone an 
extensive bilateral removal of the anterior lobe (a) from those 
( b ) in which a considerable part of the occipital lobe had 
been extirpated. The following differences appeared : 
1. A dog (a) retains sensation in all parts of his body. It 
is even demonstrable that, under certain circumstances, his 
sense of feeling is delicate. But he touches awkwardly, and 
treads (or attempts to tread) in vacant space. No muscle of 
his body is lamed or paralysed. He can move all his 
muscles at will, hut his movements are clumsy and help- 
less. He is especially awkward in taking food. He does 
not understand how to hold fast a bone with his fore paws. 
He does not hesitate to leap from a height, but the move- 
ment is awkward. 
