I884.J 
Analyses oj Books . 603 
for confining psychological inquiries to our own species. Thus 
it is imposssible for us to look inwards into the mind of the ape, 
the dog, or the ant, as we do into our own. Nevertheless we 
incline to the belief that the psychology of the future must ulti- 
mately take the new track to which we have referred. 
The author recognises a vital force , judiciously declining to 
pronounce, however, whether it is a form of energy or a power 
sni generis. His words are: “ What this vital force consists of 
whether it be a chemical agency, or magnetic agency, or 
spiritual agency, or something quite distinct from all the physical 
or mental forces, and peculiar to organised living bodies — we do 
not presume to determine.” The reader might here feel tempted 
to ask whether Dr. Morell recognises any other category of 
agencies distincft both from the physical and the spiritual ? 
But this vital force is not the only one which the author finds 
in organised living beings as distinguished from inorganic 
objects. He admits also a nerve force and a force of mind. 
These three agencies he considers as correlated and mutually 
convertible, yet not identical. We are not sure, however, whether 
he is not too much inclined to draw sharp distinctions, where 
persons trained in the biological world see merely a continuous, 
gradually changing series. At least he does not sufficiently 
guard himself against being so understood. Thus he states that 
in the inorganic world there are “ no individualities but simple 
fragments.” Yet a crystal is an individual, and so also is one of 
the pseudo-organisms of G. Fournier. “ The tendency to indi- 
vidualisation,” he writes, “ only becomes perfect in the animal.” 
But here is no sharp boundary-line. There are animals which 
may, like plants, be multiplied by cuttings. 
We are glad to find the author admitting (p. 29) that the divi- 
sion between the vital and the mental is, “ after all, arbitrary as 
far as the real character of the nerve-force which is active in 
both cases is concerned.” 
In the third chapter the doctrine of “ latency ” is very clearly 
expounded. Heredity is here also fully admitted. He writes: — 
“ The human mind is not a tabula rasa upon which experience 
has to write all the characters. Every individual has his own 
distinctive type ; brings with him into the world mental tenden- 
cies and characteristics, derived from his parents and ancestors ; 
possesses vital substrata which operate prior to consciousness 
altogether ; exhibits the working of inward teleological forces 
which bear the stamp of individuality before the conscious reason 
is awakened, and impress that stamp thus early upon an organism 
framed to correspond exactly to the soul of which it is the in- 
strument and the habitation.” We note the expression “ the 
conscious reason is awakened .” Would not “ developed ” have 
been a happier expression ? 
In the fourth chapter, in which Dr. Morell discusses “ primor- 
dial mental activity and consciousness, ? we are glad to find him 
