380 The Domestic Animals in the “ Pile-Dwellings ” [July, 
mouflon of Southern Europe. Even as regards the goat its 
descent from Capra cegagrus cannot be assumed as demo 
St The Asiatic origin of the primitive domestic animals of 
the pile-builders is further Ltified by the circumstance 
that both the swine and the dog can be traced, with 
modification, as far as the islands of the South .Pacific. 
This does not compel us to believe in a South Asiatic ori b 
of these animals. . . , , « 
The discovery of the “peat-swine in the old Ischudi- 
graves of the Ural, and that of the “ peat-dog in the 
Palaeolithic deposits on Lake Ladoga, as well as among the 
peoples of North Siberia and the Red Men of North-western 
America, prove rather that these animals were first domes- 
ticated to the north of the great highlands of Asia, and 
that they afterwards spread in company with man, along 
the northern slopes, on the one hand westwards, and on the 
other to the east. The way to the Papuan Archipelago 
might lie, therefore, not direCtly through India, but through 
Eastern Siberia and China, and thence southwards through 
Further India and the islands of the Malay Aichipelago. 
From this point of view a study of the races of domestic 
animals of Eastern Asia would be of great importance. _ 
In the late Neolithic epoch, as represented by Lattngen 
and Ltischerz, we find that the inhabitants, along with the 
chase of the large ruminants of the forest, were mainly 
engaged in the breeding of cattle. The wild ox was tamed 
and crossed with the previously tame race. The trans- 
forming agency of breeding extended to other domestic 
animals. The dog was modified in three directions : there 
arose a race approximating to the Pomeranian dog, a collie, 
and a hound. Sheep and goats were developed into larger 
and more powerful forms. The remains of domestic animals 
occur here in great abundance. The station Lattngen 
alone yielded several cwts. of ox-bones. Hence we draw 
the twofold inference that this village was inhabited for a 
long time, and that the people were rich in herds of cattle. 
Attempts seem to have been made here to introduce new 
races of animals. The scanty remnants of large races of 
goats and sheep, which probably drew their origin from the 
Mediterranean region, show that extended intercourse took 
place and that the lake-dwellers had formed relations— 
direa or indirect— with the people of South-western 
At this epoch, when copper first came into use, and when 
the implements of stone took a more practical shape, we 
