1884.] Observations of the Greeley Expedition. 635 
the Pole ; it is assisted by the rising warming rivers. It re- 
appears at the surface of the inundation ; the broken ice is 
driven from the Ardtic coasts of the old continents, and 
lodges and packs in a semicircle from Spitsbergen east and 
north and north-west, heaving hither and thither on the 
boundary of the stream flowing in from the south, to the 
west and north of Europe towards the east, then straight 
north, and returning on itself back to the south at its own 
west, along East and West Greenland. 
“ At the end of June the lake is at high water, also at its 
east. The ice-driving, which commenced in the current 
after the solstice, lasts till about the Equinox, then comes 
to a stand-still with the falling water and increasing cold. 
“ The current, risen to the surface, starts at the end of 
June from both sides of the peninsula, flanked by the mouths 
of Obi and Lena, but principally from its east side from the 
Gulf of Chatanga. Its course is best shown by describing 
from the point of entrance into the Ardtic circle 6° longitude 
west of Norway, as centre, with a radius of 23 0 28’, an arc 
starting from the coast of Siberia (Jennissey) through the 
North Pole and back, and another such arc from the Finnian 
North Cape, with the same radius, starting from the Gulf of 
Chatanga, reaching 3 0 52' beyond the Pole. These arcs, 
starting from both sides of the North East Cape (Tchel- 
juskin) have the current between them until it divides be- 
tween the Pole and 87° N. lat., to the north of Greenland, 
and flows out to both sides of the latter, meeting at its west 
the outlets of its own side waters and of the small stream 
entering through Behring Strait. The branch flowing out 
to the east of Greenland is separated from the side or still 
waters of the inflowing stream by a submerged ridge dis- 
cernible by Iceland, Jan Mayen, &c. The whole eastern 
side of the current and stream from north of the Lena to 
beyond the Pole will be marked by small islands. 
“ When the inflowing stream rises rapidly with the spring 
Equinox it inundates the outflowing branch from south to 
north : on this depend the oscillations of the pack-ice. The 
opposite takes place at the opposite season. It is side 
water of the oceanic motion, south to north, which princi- 
pally after the spring Equinox appears as counter current 
south to north, most ostensibly along the west coast of 
Greenland. 
“ The Ardtic Archipelago and Greenland extend to 
23 0 28' + 3° 52 ; north of Cape Farewell, in 59 0 38' N. lat., 
to 83° 6' (small projections balanced by recessions repre- 
senting inferior disturbances) ; but Greenland has at its 
2 U 2 
