1884*] Observations of the Greeley Expedition. 639 
Page 128.—' “ The attractive and repulsive, heating and 
lighting effeas of the Sun and the Earth vary. The 
2-^-2978 of salts balances the inequality of aaion, within 
sea, atmosphere, and land. When the Sun draws nearer and 
farther, evaporation and the distribution of temperature vary 
in water and air, and the displacement of weight and water 
is balanced by weights of salts moved in opposite directions. 
This will be true for the tides solar and lunar : I do not 
speak of the Moon ; it would make complication more com- 
plicated. Large masses of water cannot be raised and 
dropped without the distribution of their temperature and of 
the salts they contain being affedted. The continents heated 
by the Sun, overspread by the atmosphere, pressed and 
shaken by the sea, and aCted upon by the consequent fric- 
tional heat engendered in elastic matter between shell and 
nucleus, must participate in all oscillations.” 
Page 127.—“ It is not the greatest cold, but the going 
cold, the ice of the land and the icebergs melting, what 
makes the sea coldest. The mean temperature of the 
upper 1*14' layer of the open sea, or the sea below the ice, 
is -r666° C.” 
The wide surface of the ArCtic lake through which the 
stream and current circulate most attracts the descending 
warming vapour. The stream flows out to both sides ot 
Greenland. At the west, far more still than at the east side, 
it is confined within straits and channels, encountered, 
dammed up, and repressed by the greater mass of water 
moving past from south to north along America towards 
Europe ; it so sinks as current below the inundating waters, 
increased by the saltless waters from on land, and increased 
and deprived of heat by the masses of melting ocean and 
land ice ; deprived of power of attraction for the descending 
vapour, which becomes to a great extent deposited as ice 
on land, diminishing the proportion of decrease of temper- 
ature with height in the overlaying air. The outflowing 
stream so has its tide from the north, the inflowing inunda- 
tion water has it from the south. 
At the most northern settlement the only outflowing 
stream, with the tide in the direction of its motion, had at 
surface the normal Polar ocean temperature - r666°, and 
the height of the tide reached in Franklin Bay 8 feet ; at 
Cape Sabine the temperature of the tide of the spurious 
stream from the south was -277°, and the height of the 
tide reached 12 feet : -r666° being to -277° as 8' to 12', 
the heights of the tides were, singularly enough, as the tem- 
peratures below freezing-point, and both as 1 : 1-666, — a 
curious coincidence. 
