674 The Significance of Human Anomalies. [November, 
serves to swing the whole arm rapidly and powerfully for- 
ward — a movement which is of the greatest importance for 
dexterously grasping remote branches while in the adt of 
climbing. The same prolongation of this muscle is occa- 
sionally seen in man, though in a much less developed state, 
and serves to remind him of the arboreal habits of some of 
his not very remote ancestors. 
In the gorilla, orang, and chimpanzee a muscle, called 
the elevator of the collar-bone ( levator claviculce), is always 
present : this goes from the upper neck-bone to the collar- 
bone. It is found in about 3 per cent of human subjects. 
Other muscles, occasionally found in man in a rudimentary 
and fragmentary condition, are ones going from the back of 
the head to the collar-bone or shoulder-blade ; they are well 
developed in many of the Carnivora and Ruminants. I 
have seen them of large size in the lion, deer, &c. ; in those 
animals they are much used in pulling forward the 
shoulder. 
In about every other human subject is a small muscle 
going from a bony spur on the front of the haunch-bones to 
the muscles in the anterior wall of the abdomen. This is 
the rudiment of the great muscle in the kangaroo, opossum, 
and other marsupial animals, which supports the pouch 
where the immature young are carried, and the bony spur is 
the rudiment of a distinct bone, called the marsupial bone, 
which always exists in these animals, and gives attachment 
to the muscles which open and shut the pouch. 
In man the short muscle of the foot which bends the toes 
is attached to the heel-bone, but occasionally the portion 
going to the fourth and fifth toes is separated from the por- 
tion going to the second and third toes, and is attached not 
to the heel-bone, but to the tendon of the long flexor of the 
toes. In the gorilla only one slip of this short flexor arises 
from the long flexor of the toes, but in apes we have as a 
normal condition the arrangement I have endeavoured to 
describe as that occasionally seen in man. 
The brain of man is distinguished from that of the gorilla 
and the higher apes by having a greater relative size and 
being more complex. The different fissures are not so con- 
tinuous, and are frequently bridged over by brain-matter. 
In the brains of criminals, the lower races of mankind, and 
idiots, according to Benedict, the fissures are very confluent 
in character, and in some the first frontal convolution is di- 
vided into two portions, as in apes. In animals lower in the 
scale than man, the little brain or cerebellum is more or less 
uncovered by the posterior lobes of the cerebrum or large 
