[August, 
488 Analysis of Booh. 
Moon are near the horizon they appear less luminous than when 
they are elevated, which makes them seem more distant and 
consequently larger. Certain authors refer also to the influence 
of the lustre of the stars upon the diameter of the pupil of the 
eye, the contraction of which is said to produce a diminution in 
their apparent magnitude. 
The author rejects the first three hypotheses, but considers 
that the fourth may contain a portion of truth, since the disc of 
the Moon and especially that of the Sun appear to have moie 
considerable dimensions at the horizon in foggy weather than 
when the air is pure. He considers that the apparent enlaige- 
ment of the Moon is due to two distindt causes, the first, essen- 
tially subjective, being that any objeCt placed at the zenith 
appears only o - 8 of what it does at the horizon ; and the second 
is that the Moon, when it has risen a few degrees, becomes so 
brilliant as to produce a contraction of the pupil which reduces 
its dimension to 0*7 of what it was when near the horizon, roi 
the constellations the first cause only comes into play. Foi the 
Sun the second cause is felt only when the air is very foggy. 
Hence the apparent magnitude of the Sun at the horizon is more 
variable than that of the Moon. 
Charles Darwin, and what led to and sustains his Theory. An 
Address by C. C. Cattell. Birmingham : Aston. 
In the very outset of this pamphlet we meet with the following 
sentence “ Like Sir Charles Lyell, he (Darwin) was free to 
investigate and teach without anxiety as to his daily bread, or 
the fear of man to check his speculations. Owing to the pecu- 
niary success of his illustrious father he was a man of leisure, 
which the late T. H. Buckle considered as one of the essentials 
of progress and civilisation.” Now we are entiiely at one with 
Buckle and with Mr. Cattell, if they mean to say that the exist- 
ence of a leisurely class is necessary for the highest develop- 
ments of scientific investigation. Especially is this the case in 
biology and psychology, where the most splendid lesults admit 
of no immediate industrial or commercial applications, and aie 
consequently unremunerative to the discoverer. One ol the 
saddest phenomena of the present age is that the leisure of pio- 
fessional men, and of brain-workers in general, is more and 
more encroached upon. In this fadt we see that modem 
“ progress ” is not unlike a swine swimming down a river — 
" The pig swam well, but every stroke 
Was cutting his own throat.” 
